How important are parents in the development of child anxiety and depression? A genomic analysis of parent-offspring tri
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
How important are parents in the development of child anxiety and depression? A genomic analysis of parentoffspring trios in the Norwegian Mother Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) Rosa Cheesman1* , Espen Moen Eilertsen2, Yasmin I. Ahmadzadeh1, Line C. Gjerde2,3, Laurie J. Hannigan4,5, Alexandra Havdahl2,3,4,5, Alexander I. Young1,6, Thalia C. Eley1,7, Pål R. Njølstad8,9, Per Magnus10, Ole A. Andreassen11,12, Eivind Ystrom2,3,13† and Tom A. McAdams1,3†
Abstract Background: Many studies detect associations between parent behaviour and child symptoms of anxiety and depression. Despite knowledge that anxiety and depression are influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors, most studies do not account for shared familial genetic risk. Quantitative genetic designs provide a means of controlling for shared genetics, but rely on observed putative exposure variables, and require data from highly specific family structures. Methods: The intergenerational genomic method, Relatedness Disequilibrium Regression (RDR), indexes environmental effects of parents on child traits using measured genotypes. RDR estimates how much the parent genome influences the child indirectly via the environment, over and above effects of genetic factors acting directly in the child. This ‘genetic nurture’ effect is agnostic to parent phenotype and captures unmeasured heritable parent behaviours. We applied RDR in a sample of 11,598 parent-offspring trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) to estimate parental genetic nurture separately from direct child genetic effects on anxiety and depression symptoms at age 8. We tested for mediation of genetic nurture via maternal anxiety and depression symptoms. Results were compared to a complementary non-genomic pedigree model. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] † Eivind Ystrom and Tom A. McAdams are joint senior authors. 1 Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. T
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