Human Ecology Biocultural Adaptations in Human Communities

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Edited by M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany R.B. Jackson, Durham, USA O.L. Lange, Würzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany

Ecological Studies Volumes published since 2001 are listed at the end of this book.

H. Schutkowski

Human Ecology Biocultural Adaptations in Human Communities

With 36 Figures and 7 Tables

1 23

Dr. Holger Schutkowski Biological Anthropology Research Centre Department of Archaeological Sciences University of Bradford Bradford, BD7 1DP West Yorkshire, UK

Cover illustration: Picture of month December, by Stephan Kessler and fellows (Brixen, 1675/80). Benediktbeuern monastery, Germany

ISSN 0070-8356 ISBN-10 3-540-26085-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-26085-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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To Helen

Preface

Human Ecology comes in various guises and is addressed at very different levels; from the narrow focus of human household economics to the global issue of humans as the agencies of unconcerned and irresponsible consumption of landscapes and resources. Yet, Human Ecology comprises what it says: the study of human populations and their interrelationships with the characteristics and properties of their environment. But this is where the analogy with general ecology stops. Human interaction with their habitats is almost entirely shaped by their cultural characteristics. Culture, this complex entity of technological inventiveness, social institutions, belief systems and idiosyncratic identities, is an integral part of the human condition and forms a unique amalgamation with our evolutionary biological and behavioural heritage. Human Ecology, therefore, has to integrate both aspects into a study of biocultural adaptations