Gut microbiota: a key player in health and disease. A review focused on obesity
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Gut microbiota: a key player in health and disease. A review focused on obesity M. J. Villanueva-Millán & P. Pérez-Matute & J. A. Oteo
Received: 30 November 2014 / Accepted: 3 February 2015 / Published online: 8 March 2015 # University of Navarra 2015
Abstract Gut microbiota, its evolutive dynamics and influence on host through its protective, trophic and metabolic actions, has a key role in health and opens unique opportunities for the identification of new markers of the physiopathological state of each individual. Alterations in gut microbiota composition have been associated with plenty disorders. Of interest, the vast number of studies demonstrates the role of microbiota in obesity, a serious public health problem that has reached epidemic proportions in many developed and middle-income countries. The economic and health costs of this condition and its comorbidities such as fatty liver, insulin resistance/diabetes, or cardiovascular events are considerable. Therefore, every strategy designed to reduce obesity would imply important savings. Targeting microbiota, in order to restore/modulate the microbiota composition with antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, or even fecal transplants, is considered as a promising strategy for the development of new solutions for the treatment of obesity. However, there is still lot to do in this field in order to identify the exact composition of microbiota in Bhealth^ and the specific mechanisms that regulate the host-microbiotal crosstalk. In addition, it is important to note that changes not only in the gut M. J. Villanueva-Millán : P. Pérez-Matute (*) : J. A. Oteo HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain e-mail: [email protected] J. A. Oteo Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
microbiota profile (abundance) but also in its metabolism and functions need to be taken into account in the context of contribution in the physiopathology of obesity and related disorders. Keywords Gut microbiota . Gastrointestinal physiology . Obesity . Metabolic disorders Abbreviations 2-AG 2-Arachidonoylglycerol ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylase AMP Adenosine monophosphate AMPK Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase AOX Alternative oxidase AP-1 Activator protein 1 BMI Body mass index CB1R/ Cannabinoid receptor 1/2 CB2R Ccl2 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 CD14 CD14 molecule Cd36 CD36 molecule (thrombospondin receptor) Cd68 CD68 molecule CFU Colony-forming unit ChREBP Carbohydrate response elementbinding protein Cpt1 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 eCB Endocannabinoid system FAAH Fatty acid amide hydrolase Ffar2 Free fatty acid receptor 2 FIAF Fasting-induced adipocyte factor
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FMT Gαi/Gαo/ Gαq GLP-1/2 GPRs HDL HFD HMP IL-18 IL-1β LPL LPS MD2 MetaHIT MyD88 NAFLD NF-κB NLRs NOD1/2 PGC-1 Ppara PYY SCFA SREBP-1 TG Th17 cell TLRs TMAO Tregs WHO ZO-1
M.J. Villanueva-Millán et al.
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