Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater from semiarid region of western India for drinking and agricultural pur
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater from semiarid region of western India for drinking and agricultural purposes with special reference to water quality index and potential health risks assessment Huzefa Shaikh1 · Himanshu Gaikwad1 · Ajaykumar Kadam2 · Bhavana Umrikar1 Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Increase in demand for water for domestic, agricultural and industrial needs has led to overexploitation as well as contamination; hence, it is unremittingly important to monitor and maintain the health of waters. In view of this, a study was carried out wherein a total of 57 groundwater samples from Upper Bhima Basin of western India were collected and analysed for understanding the drinking and agricultural suitability with special reference to water quality index and potential health risks assessment. Analysed physicochemical parameters indicated that the groundwater quality is not suitable in most of the villages for drinking and agricultural purposes. However, pH, TDS, H CO3−, SO42−, Cl− and F − parameters were below − 2+ + 2+, the permissible limit; conversely, Ca , Na , Mg and NO3 contents have been found more than the Indian standards (BIS). The dissemination of ions in the qualitative analysis revealed the dominance order as Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > SO42−− > Cl− > NO3−. Using Piper’s diagram, the groundwater types were found to be majorly C a2+–HCO3−, _ 2+ + 2+ 2+ − 2+ − Ca –Na –HCO3, Ca –Mg –Cl and C a –Cl groups. From the Gibbs plot, it is observed that the samples fall between rock dominance and evaporation dominance zones. Based on irrigation indices such as permeability index, residual sodium carbonate, the groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation. In addition to that, water quality index values revealed that 49% of water samples are found unfit for drinking. Further, health risk assessment study carried out using United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) guidelines showed that children are at higher health risk than men and women in the study region. Keywords Upper Bhima Basin · Water quality index · Health risk assessment · Semiarid · Western India
Introduction
* Ajaykumar Kadam [email protected] Huzefa Shaikh [email protected] Himanshu Gaikwad [email protected] Bhavana Umrikar [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Department of Environmental Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
2
Groundwater is the main source that caters the need of inhabitants from rural part for daily activities, especially in a developing country like India (Gaikwad et al. 2018; Kumar et al. 2020; Kate et al. 2020). All the agricultural practices carried out in the country are majorly dependent on this hidden natural resource (Srivastava and Parimal 2020; Marghade 2020; Verma et al. 2020). Specifically, in arid and semiarid provinces, subsurface water is mostly limited due to the s
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