Hydroxyapatite-TiO 2 -SiO 2 -Coated 316L Stainless Steel for Biomedical Application
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TRODUCTION
HYDROXYAPATITE (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) is found to be the preferred bioactive ceramic due to its chemical, structural, and biological similarity to the inorganic component of human bones and to its direct bonding capability to surrounding tissues.[1] However, the mechanical weakness of the HAP limits its practical applications to those requiring little or no load-bearing locations. Therefore, to widen the applicability of the HAP to the sites bearing substantial load, such as dental or hip implant, a coating system including HAP on the metallic implant is being used. Metallic materials such as 316L stainless steel (316L SS), Co-Cr alloy, Ti, and Ti-6Al-4V alloy are widely used biomaterials for hard tissue replacement due to their superior tensile strength, fracture toughness, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility with the internal human environment.[2–5] 316L SS is used in orthopaedic medical fields due to its unique property of biocompatibility, cost DJAHIDA SIDANE, HAFIT KHIREDDINE, FATIMA BIR, and SABEHA YALA are with the Laboratoire de Ge´nie de l’Environnement (LGE), Faculte´ de Technologie, Universite´ de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria. Contact e-mail: [email protected] ALEX MONTAGNE is with the MSMP, Arts et Me´tiers ParisTech, 8, Boulevard Louis XIV, 59046 Lille Cedex, France. DIDIER CHICOT is with the FRE 3723 - LML - Laboratoire de Me´canique de Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France. Manuscript submitted November 19, 2016. Article published online May 1, 2017 3570—VOLUME 48A, JULY 2017
effectiveness, and corrosion resistance.[6,7] It is shown that the introduction of an intermediate thin layer of titania (TiO2), which possesses combined advantages of biocompatibility and corrosion resistance properties,[8,9] between the metal substrate and the HAP layer significantly improves the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the HAP coatings.[10–14] On the other side, a large number of articles have reported that the addition of TiO2 as secondary phase into HAP coatings improved the mechanical and bonding strength of the HAP coatings.[15–17] Moreover, it is recognized that silica (SiO2)-based sol–gel systems usually have a high content of surface silanol groups, which have been reported to promote in vitro and in vivo nucleation of apatite.[18,19] Galliano et al.[20] reported that the silica films deposited on 316L SS substrate were able to reduce both the corrosion attack on the steel and the iron diffusion to the sample surface. However, not much study has been reported on the effect of silica-coated 316L SS on the structure, mechanical, and electrochemical behavior of the TiO2-reinforced hydroxyapatite coatings (TiO2/HAP). Therefore, the objective of the current study is to investigate the hydrophilic properties of SiO2 film, which can improve the bonding capability of the TiO2/HAP layer with the substrate and provide a first barrier against corrosion of the 316L SS in simulated human body fluids. Further, nanoindentation test is performed using the continuous stiffness measurement
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