Identification of sulfakinin receptors (SKR) in Tenebrio molitor beetle and the influence of sulfakinins on carbohydrate
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Identification of sulfakinin receptors (SKR) in Tenebrio molitor beetle and the influence of sulfakinins on carbohydrates metabolism M. Słocińska1 · S. Chowański1 · P. Marciniak1 Received: 24 March 2020 / Revised: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 19 July 2020 / Published online: 4 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Sulfakinins (SKs) are pleiotropic neuropeptides commonly found in insects, structurally and functionally homologous to the mammalian gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK) neuropeptides. SKs together with sulfakinin receptors (SKRs) are involved in sulfakinin signaling responsible for variety of biological functions, including food intake or fatty acid metabolism. In the present study, we determined the distribution of SKRs in Tenebrio molitor larvae and characterized the impact of nonsulfated and sulfated SKs on carbohydrates and insulin-like peptides (ILPs) level in beetle hemolymph. Our results indicate the presence of both sulfakinin receptors, SKR1 and SKR2, in the nervous system of T. molitor. The distribution of SKR2 in peripheral tissues was more widespread than SKR1, and their transcripts have been found in fat body, gut and hemolymph. This is also the first evidence for SKRs presence in insect hemocytes indicating immunotropic activity of SKs. Moreover, in the present study, we have demonstrated that SKs regulate ILPs and carbohydrates level in insect hemolymph, and that sulfation is not crucial for peptides activity. Our study confirms the role of SKs in maintaining energy homeostasis in beetles. Keywords Sulfated · Nonsulfated sulfakinin · G protein-coupled receptors · T. molitor · Insect
Introduction Insect SKs are a family of neuropeptides homologous to mammalian gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK). Sulfated sulfakinins (sSK) contain a sulfated tyrosine residue in their conserved C-terminal heptapeptide (DY(SO3)GHM/LRFamide), although nonsulfated SKs (nSK) with biological activity are found in vivo as well (Nichols et al. 2008; Słocińska et al. 2015b; Marciniak et al. 2011; Adamski et al. 2019). The first sSKs with myotropic activity on the isolated cockroach hindgut were isolated from head extracts of cockroach Leucophaea maderae and then widely identified in a variety of insect species (Nichols et al. 1988; Schoofs et al. 1990; Duve et al. 1995; Predel et al. 1999; Veenstra 1989; Maestro et al. 2001) with activities in diverse of biological processes including food intake regulation (Zels et al. 2015; Communicated by G. Heldmaier. * M. Słocińska [email protected] 1
Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61‑614 Poznan, Poland
Yu et al. 2013; Al-Alkawi et al. 2017; Downer et al. 2007), release of digestive enzymes (Nachman et al. 1997; Harshini et al. 2002; Zels et al. 2015) (Nachman et al. 1997), modulation of odor preferences (Nichols et al. 2008), locomotion (Nichols et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2012), synaptic growth (Chen and Ganetzky 2012) or aggression (Williams et al. 2014). Non
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