Impact of Anthropogenic Heat on Surface Balance of Energy and Water in Beijing
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Impact of Anthropogenic Heat on Surface Balance of Energy and Water in Beijing C. Menga*, L. Jiangb, H. Jinc, Lili Rend, and T. Chend a
Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, No. 55 Beiwaxili, Haidian District, Beijing, 100089 China b Taihu Meteorological Bureau, Anqing, Anhui, 246400 China c Jizhou Meteorological Bureau, Tianjin, 301900 China d Hetian Meteorological Bureau, Hetian, Xinjiang, 848000 China *e-mail: [email protected] Received April 9, 2019 Revised September 9, 2019 Accepted December 17, 2019
Abstract—Anthropogenic heat (AH) is an important part of urban surface energy balance. Although AH affects regional climates through changing land-atmosphere interactions, the climate forcing from AH are not usually calculated in state-of-the-art regional climate simulations. In this paper, the spatial pattern of AH in 20 automatic weather station sites in the Beijing municipal administrative area is parameterized by employing nighttime light data. Two experiments were designed and performed to quantify the influence of AH on the surface balance of energy and water through running the Integrated urban Land Model (IUM). The results show that due to accounting for AH, the simulated LST increases; the net radiation decreases around noon; the absolute value of the ground heat flux increases around noon; the sensible heat flux increases in the daytime; the evapotranspiration decreases around noon and increases in the morning and evening; volumetric soil moisture and soil water storage decrease; aggregated evapotranspiration increases. DOI: 10.3103/S1068373920060072 Keywords: Anthropogenic heat, surface energy balance, surface water balance, volumetric soil moisture, land surface temperature
1. INTRODUCTION Anthropogenic heat (AH) is heat generated by human activity. Heat emission sources include industrial plants, space heating and cooling, human metabolism, and vehicle exhausts. AH has clear geographical characteristics: in cities, especially in large metropolitans, it could be high, while in rural areas, it is very small. For example, in downtown London, the maximum annual average AH exceeds 140 W/m2 [13]. In New York City, the maximum average AH in summer is larger than 60 W/m2; in winter, it is larger than 90 W/m2 [35]. In high-latitude cities, AH contributes significantly to the surface energy balance equation, because solar radiation in these cities is relatively small. Many studies [1, 7, 15, 18, 35] have investigated methods to parameterize the spatiotemporal patterns of AH; however, most of them were based on [36]. Although the Sailor and Lu’s method [36] has its advantages, its spatial application is hardly expandable. The availability of AH data for all the cities in the world can adapt climate scale modeling for urban adaptation and mitigation approaches. But if we do not have these data, can we develop a universal method to expand AH data from one site to the whole world? Nighttime light data provided by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Line
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