Energy Balance and Gastrointestinal Cancer
The gastrointestinal track provides one of the distinct systems where multiple malignancies, including adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, esophagus and colon are each associated with obesity. This unique association is covered in this volume of Energy Balanc
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Series Editor: Nathan A. Berger, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8282
Sanford D. Markowitz
●
Nathan A. Berger
Editors
Energy Balance and Gastrointestinal Cancer
Editors Sanford D. Markowitz Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
Nathan A. Berger Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-2366-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-2367-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2367-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012932611 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
As the worldwide pandemic of overweight and obesity continues to expand, with over 1 billion overweight and 315 million obese adults estimated worldwide [1–3], obesity is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor for cancer. In the USA, approximately 20% of all cancer deaths in women and 14% in men have been attributed to overweight and obesity [4]. Epidemiological studies indicate an association between obesity and specific malignancies in multiple organ systems including colon, postmenopausal breast, endometrial, esophageal adenocarcinoma and renal cell cancer [5–7]. In addition to colon and esophageal adenocarcinoma, more recent evidence supports an association of obesity with other gastrointestinal malignancies including pancreatic, gallbladder, and hepatocellular cancer [4, 7, 8]. In 2009, the American Cancer Society estimated that the combined deaths in the USA from gastrointestinal cancers, including pancreas, colon, and rectum, esophageal, liver, and bile ducts exceeded 135,000 [9]. During the same year, there were 100,000 new cases and 50,000 deaths from colon cancer [9]. The relative risk of mortality from colon cancer according to body mass index in a prospective population study of more than 900,000 US adults [4] was found to be 1.20 for overweight and 1.47–1.84 for obese men, and 1.1 for overweight and 1.3–1.46 for obese women. In contrast, a recent study showed that in men with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer at diagnosis, increased physical activity was associated with improved colorectal cancer mortality and overall mortality [10]. Thus, gastrointestinal cancer in general an
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