Impact of Wildfire on the Surface Energy Balance in Six California Case Studies
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Impact of Wildfire on the Surface Energy Balance in Six California Case Studies David Rother1 · Fernando De Sales1,2 Received: 13 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract We investigate the impact of wildfires on surface energy exchange through the assessment of six California wildfires that occurred in the last 20 years. A burned–unburned binary mask was generated from the MODIS approximate date of burn product and implemented into the Simplified Simple Biosphere model for a series of simulations. Model performance was evaluated against the North American Land Data Assimilation System and is found to simulate surface temperature and net radiation accurately. Simulations show a decrease in latent heat flux in every case study except the Rush fire, which occurred in Lassen County in August 2012. Post-fire changes in net radiation and sensible heat followed similar trends, decreasing in each of the domains except for the Rush and Cedar fires. The greatest changes in temporally-averaged net radiation occurred in the Rim (− 41.7 W m−2), Basin Complex (− 31.6 W m−2), and Rush (26.5 W m−2) fires. Initial increases in sensible heat flux, caused by the decrease in albedo from ash deposition, are balanced by decreases in latent heat flux in the Zaca, Rim, and Basin Complex case studies. Results also indicate a relationship between decreases in average sensible heat flux and leaf-area-index change. Wildfires that burn in sparsely vegetated areas are associated with increases in sensible heat flux, an effect that is magnified by long ash-deposition periods (i.e., Rush fire), while wildfires that burn in densely vegetated areas are associated with large decreases in sensible and latent heat flux (i.e., Rim, Basin Complex fires). Keywords Boundary-layer meteorology · Surface energy balance · Wildfire
1 Introduction Wildfires are a destructive, costly, and sometimes fatal cause of ecosystem disturbance, and the expanding wildland–urban interface is placing a greater number of people at risk for being directly affected by the negative effects of catastrophic wildfire (Westerling et al. 2006; Bendix and Commons 2017; Havel et al. 2018; Hostetler et al. 2018; Flint * Fernando De Sales [email protected] 1
Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
2
Center for Climate and Sustainability Studies, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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et al. 2019). In fact, wildfire activity in the western United States has increased in both frequency and total area burned, an increase that is often attributed to climatic change such as increasing temperatures and decreasing levels of precipitation (Westerling et al. 2006; Westerling and Bryant 2008; Abatzoglou and Kolden 2013; Arnold et al. 2014; Jensen et al. 2018; Flint et al. 2019). The effects of these changes can lead to a greater likelihood of high severity fire by increasing fuel aridity and subsequently leading to wildfires of greater intens
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