Improvement in vitamin B 12 status of Wistar rats by supplementing the diet with Chlorella vulgaris biomass
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Improvement in vitamin B12 status of Wistar rats by supplementing the diet with Chlorella vulgaris biomass C. K. Madhubalaji1,2 • V. Rashmi1 • Vikas Singh Chauhan1,2 • R. Sarada1,2
Revised: 4 July 2020 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 Ó Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020
Abstract The sources of bioavailable vitamin B12 are limited, and most of them are animal-derived. Chlorella vulgaris, a freshwater microalga, is known for immune system boosting, nutraceutical properties and presence of a natural form of vitamin B12. The present study focused on the in vivo evaluation of the Chlorella biomass as a source of bioavailable vitamin B12 to alleviate the vitamin B12 deficiency status of Wistar rats. Experimental animals were evaluated for the vitamin B12 deficiency-related circulatory marker (serum vitamin B12) and functional markers (plasma homocysteine and urinary methylmalonic acid), haematological and histological changes. The results showed that an increase of 2.4-fold in urinary methylmalonic acid (13.01 ± 0.89 lmoles moles of creatinine-1),
2.6-fold in plasma homocysteine (17.18 ± 3.57 lmole L-1), and 48% decrease in serum vitamin B12 levels (252.69 ± 1.46 pg mL-1) in vitamin B12 deficient group compared to control animals. The Chlorella biomass supplementation in the diet led to the restoration of the functional and circulatory markers, hematological parameters, and vitamin B12 content of kidney and liver to control levels. The Chlorella biomass supplementation increased the erythrocyte precursors and MAST cells in the bone marrow and also normalized the histological features of kidney, liver, and lung tissues. The results suggest that the vitamin B12 from the Chlorella biomass was bioavailable and facilitated the improvement of vitamin B12 status in deficient rats.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04901-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Vikas Singh Chauhan [email protected] & R. Sarada [email protected] 1
Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, India
2
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
123
J Food Sci Technol
Graphic abstract
18
Homocysteine
Control (AIN-93 diet)
B12 Deficient Diet
Homocysteine conc (µmol/L)
16
SERUM
14
PLASMA
12 10 8 6
4 2 0 Control
B12 Deficient Diet + Chlorella 2X
uMMA
16 uMMA (µmole/moles of creatinine)
B12 Deficient Diet + Chlorella 1X
B12 Deficient Chlorella 1X Chlorella 2x
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Control
Keyword Chlorella vulgaris Bioavailability Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin Vitamin B12 deficiency Homocysteine Abbreviations AIN American Institute of Nutrition CPCSEA Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals GRAS Generally Regarded As Safe IAEC Institutional Animal Ethics Committee IFCC International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine H
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