In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber State of the Art Report of t
Wood is one of the most intriguing structural materials and the only one that is truly renewable. Along with stone, wood is the oldest structural material on the planet and has been extensively used throughout human history. Due to its aesthetical value a
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RILEM STATE OF THE ART REPORTS Volume 7
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Bohumil Kasal • Thomas Tannert Editors
In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber State of the Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 215-AST
ABC
Editors
Bohumil Kasal Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI Bienroder Weg 54E 38108 Braunschweig Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Thomas Tannert Berne University of Applied Sciences Timber and Composite Construction Solothurnstrasse 102 2500 Biel Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-0559-3 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0560-9 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0560-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York c RILEM 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
State-of-the-Art Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
List of Symbols and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Stress Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bohumil Kasal, Gretchen Lear, and Thomas Tannert 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Sounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Sonic Stress Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Ultrasonic Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Ultrasonic Echo Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Defect and Deterioration Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Mechanical Pro
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