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(2020) 36:143

ORIGINAL PAPER

In vitro and in silico studies on the structural and biochemical insight of anti-biofilm activity of andrograpanin from Andrographis paniculata against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Moumita Majumdar1 · Amit Dubey2 · Ritobrata Goswami3 · Tarun Kumar Misra1 · Dijendra Nath Roy4  Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract  Microbial infections have become a global threat to drug-tolerant phenomena due to their biofilm formatting capacity. In many cases, conventional antimicrobial drugs fail to combat the infection, thus necessitating the discovery of some alternative medicine. Over several decades, plant metabolites have played a critical role in treating a broad spectrum of microbial infections due to its low cytotoxicity. Andrograpanin, a secondary metabolite, is a diterpenoid present in the leaf of Andrographis paniculata. In this study, andrograpanin (0.15 mM) exhibited significant inhibition on biofilm production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of gentamicin (0.0084 mM). The impaired production of extracellular polymeric substances and several virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated to understand the mechanism of action mediated by andrograpanin. The structural alteration of biofilm was evaluated by using fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The in silico molecular simulation studies predicted interaction of andrograpanin with quorum sensing proteins such as RhlI, LasI, LasR, and swarming motility protein BswR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall the studies indicate that andrograpanin could be used as a therapeutic molecule against biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (https​://doi.org/10.1007/s1127​4-020-02919​-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article

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World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

(2020) 36:143

Graphic abstract

Keywords  Andrograpanin · Biofilm · Pseudomonas aeruginosa · Quorum sensing inhibitor

Introduction One of the principal reasons for human mortality is due to nosocomial infection by various infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. impacting the wellbeing in today’s society (Wu et al. 2011; Haque et al. 2018). Bacteria develop tolerance against conventional antibiotics due to excessive and uncontrolled use. Due to this phenomenon, it is almost impossible to eradicate them from the human population. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gramnegative bacterium, is one of the model microorganisms for research in the field of medical microbiology, and this bacterium is responsible for approximately 70% of hospital-acquired infections (Wu et al. 2011). P. aeruginosa exhibits a strong tolerance towards conventional antibiotic treatment due to biofilm formation in the bacterial colony (Cepas et al. 20