In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a sterol-enriched fraction from freshwater green alga, Spirogyra sp
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(2020) 23:27
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a sterol-enriched fraction from freshwater green alga, Spirogyra sp. Lei Wang1,2, You-Jin Jeon1,2 and Jae-Il Kim3*
Abstract Background: Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis. In the present study, we evaluated anti-inflammatory activity of sterol-rich fraction prepared from Spirogyra sp., a freshwater green alga, in an effort to find bioactive extracts derived from natural sources. Methods: The sterol content of ethanol extract of Spirogyra sp. (SPE) was enriched by fractionation with hexane (SPEH), resulting 6.7 times higher than SPE. Using this fraction, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and zebrafish. Results: SPEH effectively and dose-dependently decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). SPEH suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β through downregulating nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. The in vivo test results indicated that SPEH significantly and dose-dependently reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell death, and NO production in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that SPEH possesses strong in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities and has the potential to be used as healthcare or pharmaceutical material for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Keywords: Spirogyra sp., Sterol-enriched fraction, Anti-inflammatory activity, RAW 264.7 cells, Zebrafish
Background Inflammation is a highly regulated biological process that enables the immune system to efficiently eliminate stimuli and injuries (Masresha et al. 2012). Inflammation can be classified into two subtypes, chronic and acute inflammation, depending on the difference in response time and procedure. Acute inflammation is an initial response of bodies against harmful stimuli. During acute inflammatory response, the plasma and leukocytes are moving from the blood into the injured tissues. There is a shift in the type of mononuclear phagocytic cells in the * Correspondence: [email protected] 3 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
inflammatory tissues during the course of inflammatory response, from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory or wound healing type. The inflammatory response is associated with the release of the inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, histamine, and bradykinin from various immune cells such as mononuclear phagocytes and mast cells (González Mosquera et al. 2011; Wijesinghe et al. 2014a). Inflammation is crucial in many diseases such as arthritis, ath
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