In Vitro Modeling of the Early Development of Mouse and Human Embryos
- PDF / 556,433 Bytes
- 12 Pages / 612 x 792 pts (letter) Page_size
- 55 Downloads / 197 Views
IEWS
In Vitro Modeling of the Early Development of Mouse and Human Embryos L. Sh. Izmailovaa, *, E. A. Vorotelyaka, and A. V. Vasilieva, b a
Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia b Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received March 25, 2020; revised May 12, 2020; accepted May 15, 2020
Abstract—Mammalian embryonic development includes preimplantation, implantation and post-implantation development, during which the embryo is attached to the uterus wall. The modeling of embryo development in culture allows to study the process of ontogenesis in its dynamic development, which is especially valuable for studying early post-implantation development. We reviewed existing cultivation systems for mouse and human embryos. Also we considered a new experimental approach for studying early mammalian embryogenesis—embryo-like cell constructs. Using these methods, the most important results were obtained about the formation of embryonic germ layers, which provided insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of morphogenesis of the mouse and human embryos. The purpose of this review is to generalize the possibilities and limitations of such systems for studying mammalian embryogenesis and to find directions for further development of this approach. Keywords: embryo cultivation, embryonic development, mouse, human, remodeling of the implantation DOI: 10.1134/S1062360420050045
INTRODUCTION The aim of systems for culturing mammalian embryos is to study early embryogenesis and its pathologies. This approach allows one to evaluate the direct effect of experimental procedures, while any influence on the embryo located in the uterus is mediated by the mother’s body. In addition, this approach allows to study the process of ontogenesis in its dynamic development. For the normal development of an embryo in vitro, it is essential to recreate the conditions inside the mother’s body, which is a difficult task (Esteves et al., 2013; Piliszek and Kwon, 2011). The preimplantation development of a mouse embryo involves cleavage divisions of the zygote, hatching, or exit from the zona pellucida, and the formation of the first three layers of the future embryo: trophectoderm, epiblast and hypoblast. Human early embryonic development is very similar in many ways, but there are some differences. For example, the separation of the internal cell mass into two subpopulations occurs in a human embryo after implantation. In mice, implantation occurs on the fifth day after fertilization. A human embryo undergoes implantation on the 7th or 8th day of development. Embryos that failed to attach to the wall of the uterus will stop in their development and die. The implantation point has long been a barrier that could not be overcome when culturing mouse and human embryos in vitro. The prob-
lematic point was to achieve the attachment of the embryo and the continuation of its development in vitro.
Data Loading...
