Cyanidin improves oocyte maturation and the in vitro production of pig embryos
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Cyanidin improves oocyte maturation and the in vitro production of pig embryos Emma Hicks 1 & Miranda Mentler 1 & Haley A. Arena 1 & Jaelyn Z. Current 1 & Brian D. Whitaker 1 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 16 July 2020 / Editor: Tetsuji Okamoto # The Society for In Vitro Biology 2020
Abstract The objective of this study was to reduce the negative effects of oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through supplementation of the major antioxidants present in elderberries: kuromanin and cyanidin. Oocytes (n = 1150) were supplemented with 100 or 200 μM of kuromanin or cyanidin during maturation, and then evaluated for ROS levels or fertilized and evaluated for penetration, polyspermic penetration, male pronucleus formation, and embryonic development. The ROS levels and incidence of polyspermic penetration were lower (P < 0.05) in oocytes supplemented with 100 μM cyanidin when compared with other treatments. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin increased (P < 0.05) MPN and blastocyst formation compared with other treatments. However, supplementation of 100 μM kuromanin did not have significant effects on the criteria evaluated, and supplementation of 200 μM kuromanin had significant (P < 0.05) detrimental effects for each criterion. Additional oocytes (n = 1438) were supplemented with 100 μM cyanidin during maturation and evaluated for glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin increased (P < 0.05) catalase activity and intracellular GSH levels compared with no supplementation of cyanidin. These results indicate that supplementing cyanidin during maturation reduces oxidative stress by reducing ROS levels and increasing GSH concentrations within the oocyte. Keywords ROS . Cyanidin . Kuromanin . Oocyte . Porcine . Elderberry
Introduction There is significant interest in obtaining large numbers of pig embryos for commercial usage and biomedical research, hence the heavy focus on using in vitro fertilization (IVF) of pig oocytes (Romar et al. 2015). However, when compared with in vivo, in vitro maturation and fertilization are less successful. Reduced success can be attributed to the induction of
* Brian D. Whitaker [email protected] Emma Hicks [email protected] Miranda Mentler [email protected] Haley A. Arena [email protected] Jaelyn Z. Current [email protected] 1
Department of Animal and Pre-veterinary Studies, University of Findlay, 1000 North Main Street, Findlay, OH 45840, USA
oxidative stress, which occurs when there is an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, resulting in an excess of ROS (Agarwal et al. 2005; Kim et al. 2017). Complications such as poor cytoplasmic maturation of the oocyte (Agung et al. 2013) and high levels of polyspermic penetration (Romar et al. 2015) decrease the success rates of embryo development. Due to the importance of IVF in both the agriculture and biomedical fields, improvement in IVFderived pig embryo production efficiency is needed (Yuan e
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