In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies

The aim of this manual is to provide a comprehensive guide to the methods involved in collecting, preparing and screening plants for bioactive properties for manipulating key ruminal fermentation pathways and against gastrointestinal pathogens. The manual

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Philip E. Vercoe · Harinder P.S. Makkar · Anthony C. Schlink Editors

In Vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-Nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies

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Editors Dr. Philip E. Vercoe School of Animal Biology The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Perth, Australia

Dr. Harinder P.S. Makkar Universität Hohenheim Institut für Tierproduktion in den Tropen und Subtropen 70993 Stuttgart Germany [email protected]

Dr. Anthony C. Schlink International Atomic Energy Agency Animal Production & Health Section Wagramer Str. 5 1400 Vienna Austria [email protected]

ISBN 978-90-481-3296-6 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3297-3 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3297-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939534 Copyright © International Atomic Energy Agency 2010 Published by Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht 2010. All Rights Reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword

The Animal Production and Health Section of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture recognises that the trend towards intensification of livestock production in developing countries presents both opportunities and challenges. The potential opportunities are the flow-on benefits to the producers and local economy while the potential challenges are the flow-on costs to the environment, animal health and welfare. The intensification of livestock production can lead to higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions and a localisation or concentration of nutrients, which increases the risk of pollution of waterways, increased chemical and drug use to overcome disease transmission and put pressure on the livestock production systems as local communities strive to provide more and better quality feed for the animals. The growing global pressure from consumers for producers to engage in sustainable production systems, i.e. to produce high quality, wholesome and safe products in an efficient manner with minimal impact on the environment and human health, will also impact livestock production in developing countries. This will put producers in developing countries under similar pressures to those in developed countries to limit the input of, and find “natural” alternatives to chemical use by exploring alternative sources of feed resources. The successful intensification of livestock production in developing countries will depend on the ability of local producers to design sustainable feeding systems based on locally available feed resources that are ef