In Vivo and In Vitro Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Analysis in Bacterial Diagnostics: Case Studies in Agriculture an
With an increasing interest in volatiles metabolic pathways within bacterial species, investigation into the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by different bacteria and their potential application in diagnostics now follows. A significant
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In Vivo and In Vitro Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Analysis in Bacterial Diagnostics: Case Studies in Agriculture and Human Diseases Moamen M. Elmassry and Mohamed A. Farag
Abstract With an increasing interest in volatiles metabolic pathways within bacterial species, investigation into the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by different bacteria and their potential application in diagnostics now follows. A significant body of work was accumulated over the past few decades to achieve such goal, mostly aided by the advances in volatiles analytical detection technologies. A handful of pathogenic bacterial species have been extensively investigated and potential VOCs biomarkers or profiles have been proposed to diagnose such pathogens during infection. However, it was found that developing species-specific VOCs biomarkers is much more challenging than just VOCs profile characterization. Using VOCs profile fingerprinting for pathogen detection is promising without the need to identify exact VOCs. Studying VOCs produced in vivo and in vitro by the same species additionally showed discrepancy between the two experimental setups, which is a result of the different growth conditions, nutrients utilization, and background VOCs produced from the culture medium or the host. Such discrepancy has hindered the translation of numerous in vitro results to in vivo studies. Consequently, in this chapter we review results from in vitro versus in vivo experimental setups in the context of two major applications including bacterial VOCs diagnostics in agriculture and human diseases.
Moamen M. Elmassry and Mohamed A. Farag contributed equally with all other contributors. M. M. Elmassry Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA M. A. Farag (*) Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 C.-M. Ryu et al. (eds.), Bacterial Volatile Compounds as Mediators of Airborne Interactions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7293-7_4
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Keywords Volatile organic compounds · Bacteria · Pathogens · Diagnostics · Agriculture · Human diseases · Metabolomics · Gas chromatography · Mass spectrometry
Abbreviations APCI CF eNose GC MS PGPR SIFT SPME VOCs
4.1
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Cystic fibrosis Electronic nose Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Selected ion flow tube Headspace solid-phase microextraction Volatile organic compounds
Introduction
Microscopic organisms as bacteria encompass diverse metabolic pathways that yield a unique combination of metabolites including thousands of volatiles that serve numerous functions, from signaling to pathogenesis (Bos et al. 2013; Rees et al. 2018). As a result of genetic and metabolic, both anabolic and catabolic, diversity across bacterial species,
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