In Vivo Animal Models in Tissue Engineering
Medical, legal, and ethical considerations require intense preclinical investigations of new biomedical products before introduction into clinical applications. For pharmacological developments these steps are well defined and regulated, but tissue engine
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53
J. Haier, F. Schmidt
Contents 53.1
In Vivo Animal Models in Tissue Engineering: General Considerations . . . . . 773
53.2
Experimental Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
53.2.1 Pigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 53.2.2 Dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 53.2.3 Rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 53.2.4 Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 53.2.5 Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 53.3
Animal Models in Selected Areas of Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
53.3.1 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Creation and Testing of Vascular Grafts . . . 775 53.3.2 Intestinal Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . 777 53.3.3 Biological Patches and Grafts . . . . . . . . . . 777 53.4
Prosthetics and Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . 777 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
53.1
In Vivo Animal Models in Tissue Engineering: General Considerations
Medical, legal, and ethical considerations require intense preclinical investigations of new biomedical products before introduction into clinical applications. For pharmacological developments these steps are well defined and regulated, but tissue engineering also necessitates comparable testing and develop-
mental strategies. After animal cell lines have been used to establish new tissue engineering strategies in vitro, living animals are used to test the viability of engineered tissues in living organisms. Factors which cannot be assessed on a smaller scale include, but are not limited to, the role of angiogenesis in newly created tissues, complex immune reactions to the graft eventually leading to rejection and inflammation, as well as functional considerations such as rheological properties of vascular grafts, innervation, and kinetic properties of engineered intestinal tissues or the effects of surgical interventions. Each of these factors can significantly influence the experimental results, but all of the available models have limitations in one or more aspects. To determine the model that is best suited for a specific task, anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological properties of different species must be considered and compared with advantages and disadvantages of each model. Careful review of the existing literature is necessary to discover what has been done by others in the field asking a similar question. What has worked, and which techniques have not? What were the shortcomings of a model animal in a given context? The following chapter attempts to provide the reader with a starting point by giving examples of in vivo animal models used in a variety of tissue engineering studies. A comprehensive review of this growing field is beyond the scope of this book. However, there are numerous excellent reviews concerned with the use of in vivo animal models in the different branc
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