Induced resistance in wheat Triticum aestivum L. by chemical- and bio- fertilizers against English aphid Sitobion avenae
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Induced resistance in wheat Triticum aestivum L. by chemicaland bio- fertilizers against English aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in greenhouse Maryam Pourya 1 & Jahanshir Shakarami 1 & Mozhgan Mardani-Talaee 1 & Amin Sadeghi 2 & Jose Edvardo Serrão 3 Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 14 May 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is damaged by many insect pests including Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Induced host-plant resistance is an important strategy to reduce damage of the cereal aphids. This study evaluated the effects of wheat seed treated with biofertilizers (Biofarm and Probio96) and the leaves treated with micronutrients (Librel Zinc and α-Iron) on biological parameters of the S. avenae in greenhouse conditions. The treatments have effects in the secondary metabolites in wheat leaves. The higher phenol and anthocyanin contents of wheat leaves occur in Biofarm treatment (345.70 and 0.750 mg/mL, respectively). The lower fecundity of S. avenae (5.33 offspring) occurs on plants treated with Biofarm treatment. The net reproductive rate of aphid fed on plants treated with different treatments changes from 1.63 to 29.56 offspring individual− 1, with the lower and higher values on Biofarm and control treatments, respectively. The lower and higher values of intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) of S. avenae occur on wheat treated with Biofarm (r = 0.018, λ = 1.018 day− 1) and control (r = 0.148, λ = 1.016 day− 1), respectively. The results indicate that treating seed with biofertilizers (Biofarm and Probio96) is an environmentally safe method and could be used to manage S. avenae. Keywords Biofarm . Sitobion avenae . Age-stage . two-sex life table . Plant resistance
Introduction Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is an annual and monocotyledon plant that is cultivated in different climates throughout the world (Hussain et al. 2016). English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important insect pest of cereal crop worldwide because of its severe damage due sap feeding and transmission of viruses such as barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) (Thackray et al. 2009). To date, insecticides are the main method for control this aphid (Chen et al. 2007). The direct result of widespread and
* Jahanshir Shakarami [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2
Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3
Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
intensive use of pesticides increases insecticide resistance in aphid populations as well as health and environmental hazardous (De Oliveira Araujo 2015). Induced resistance is an alternative to pest management that increases plant’s defensive capacity via the synthesis of physical and chemical barriers in the host to many insect and pathogens (War et
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