Influence of bacterial nanocellulose surface modification on calcium phosphates precipitation for bone tissue engineerin
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Influence of bacterial nanocellulose surface modification on calcium phosphates precipitation for bone tissue engineering A. Can˜as-Gutie´rrez . E. Martinez-Correa . D. Sua´rez-Avendan˜o . D. Arboleda-Toro . C. Castro-Herazo
Received: 2 December 2019 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a nano fibrillar polymer, which is biostable and non-resorbable when inside the human body. It has excellent biocompatibility and a microstructure with high mechanical strength, and if processed correctly, can mimic the extra-cellular matrix architecture. BNC, modified with bone-like minerals such as calcium phosphates, can improve cell adhesion and promote the formation of new bone tissues. As a result of the need for three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration, this study evaluated the effect of calcium phosphate mineralization process on BNC and (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized BNC scaffolds, to understand the influence of hydroxyl or carboxylate groups on the nucleation and growth of apatite crystals. The results showed 3D scaffolds with controlled microporosity, between 50 and 350 lm, and interconnected pores. The porous morphology of the TEMPO-oxidized BNC
A. Can˜as-Gutie´rrez E. Martinez-Correa D. Sua´rez-Avendan˜o C. Castro-Herazo (&) Grupo de Investigacio´n Sobre Nuevos Materiales (GINUMA), Facultad de Ingenierı´a, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 No. 70-01, Medellı´n, Colombia e-mail: [email protected] D. Arboleda-Toro Grupo de Estudios BioSociales del Cuerpo (EBSC), Facultad de Odontologı´a, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 64 No. 52-59, Medellı´n, Colombia
scaffolds varied significantly with the oxidation time and only remained preserved after 60 min of the TEMPO-mediated oxidation. BNC and TEMPO-oxidized BNC scaffolds were used to compare two different mineralization treatments. The growth of homogeneously distributed microcrystals was observed in the unmodified BNC scaffolds, whereas heterogeneously distributed microcrystals were observed in the TEMPO-oxidized BNC scaffolds because of the oxidation treatment which affected the continuity of the surface by fracturing some fibers. Also, in vitro cell studies revealed good cellular adhesion and high cell viability in the modified and unmodified BNC scaffolds. Most of the modifications seemed adequate for cellular adhesion. Keywords Nanocomposites Bacterial nanocellulose Calcium phosphate Surface modification Bone regeneration
Introduction The natural bone is an example of a composite material, which consists of inorganic and organic constituents. The inorganic part is made up of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, while the organic part comprises of type-I collagen fibrils and different types of non-collagenous matrix proteins, such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and sialoproteins. The bone
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components assemble hierarchically to provide rigidit
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