Influence of vitamin D binding protein polymorphism, demographics and lifestyle factors on vitamin D status of healthy M
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Influence of vitamin D binding protein polymorphism, demographics and lifestyle factors on vitamin D status of healthy Malaysian pregnant women Siew-Siew Lee1, King-Hwa Ling2,3, Maiza Tusimin4, Raman Subramaniam5, Kartini Farah Rahim6 and Su-Peng Loh1,7*
Abstract Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been related to vitamin D binding protein (GC) gene polymorphism, demographics and lifestyle factors in different populations. However, previous studies only focused on demographic and lifestyle factors or genetic factors alone. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association between GC gene polymorphism, demographics and lifestyle factors with VDD among Malaysian pregnant women. Method: Information on demographic characteristics, dietary vitamin D intake from supplement and food, time spent outdoors, skin type and clothing were collected using a questionnaire. Plasma total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels were measured using an Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). Maternal GC single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4588 and rs7041) were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Results: Results showed that 50.2% of pregnant women were vitamin D deficient (25OHD < 30 nmol/L). VDD (25OHD < 30 nmol/L) was significantly associated with age, veiled clothing, maternal vitamin D intakes from both food and supplements, and GC rs7041(and GC diplotypes). In contrast to previous studies that reported for nonpregnant population, a significant positive association was found between CC genotype for SNP GC rs7041, GC 1s– 1s and GC If-2 with risk of VDD (25OHD < 30 nmol/L). Conclusions: The high prevalence of maternal VDD found in this study suggests the need for urgent development and implementation of vitamin D supplementation or fortification strategies to reduce VDD among pregnant women. The discrepancy in the association between GC rs7041 gene polymorphism and VDD reflects the variation in the factors associated with VDD in pregnancy compared to non-pregnant state. Keywords: Vitamin D deficiency, Pregnant women, Single nucleotide polymorphism, Vitamin D binding protein
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 7 Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article ar
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