Initiation and maintenance of plant stem cells in root and shoot apical meristems
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aBIOTECH
REVIEW
Initiation and maintenance of plant stem cells in root and shoot apical meristems Junxia Wang1 , Yinghua Su2 , Xiangpei Kong1 , Zhaojun Ding1& , Xian Sheng Zhang2& 1
2
The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 April 2020
Abstract
Plant stem cells are a small group of cells with a self-renewal capacity and serve as a steady supply of precursor cells to form new differentiated tissues and organs in plants. Root stem cells and shoot stem cells, which are located in the root apical meristem and in the shoot apical meristem, respectively, play a critical role in plant longitudinal growth. These stem cells in shoot and root apical meristems remain as pluripotent state throughout the lifespan of the plant and control the growth and development of plants. The molecular mechanisms of initiation and maintenance of plant stem cells have been extensively investigated. In this review, we mainly discuss how the plant phytohormones, such as auxin and cytokinin, coordinate with the key transcription factors to regulate plant stem cell initiation and maintenance in root and shoot apical meristems. In addition, we highlight the common regulatory mechanisms of both root and shoot apical meristems.
Keywords Stem cell, Initiation, Maintenance, Auxin, Cytokinin, Transcription factors
INTRODUCTION As in animals, the plants possess small populations of stem cells, which are located in the meristems and are defined by the ability to renew themselves and contribute undifferentiated daughter cells to produce new tissues (Heidstra and Sabatini 2014). The best characterized stem cell in the plant reside in the root apical meristem (RAM) and the shoot apical meristem (SAM), which called apical meristem, are responsible for plant longitudinal growth. These stem cells remain as pluripotent state throughout the lifespan of the plant. Junxia Wang and Yinghua Su have contributed equally to this work. & Correspondence: [email protected] (Z. Ding), [email protected] (X. S. Zhang)
The stem cells are maintained in specialized microenvironments called stem cell niches (SCN) in which cells are maintained as stem cells, where the intra- and extracellular signals are available and coordinated to maintain the stem cell identity (Jiang and Feldman 2005). In addition, stem cells also reside in lateral meristem including cambium and phellogen, and intercalary meristem, which allow plants to grow radially and especially determine the shape of internodes, respectively (Sato-Izawa et al. 2012; Smetana et al. 2019). Here, we mainly discuss the initiation and maintenance of plant stem cells in root and shoot apical meristems. The root stem cells are located in the tip of the root and initiated during embryogenesis. While dividing, some
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