Molecular Dialog between Root and Shoot via Regulatory Peptides and Its Role in Systemic Control of Plant Development
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Molecular Dialog between Root and Shoot via Regulatory Peptides and Its Role in Systemic Control of Plant Development M. A. Lebedevaa, *, Ya. S. Yashenkovaa, I. E. Doduevaa, and L. A. Lutovaa aDepartment
of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received April 3, 2020; revised May 8, 2020; accepted May 8, 2020
Abstract—Plant developmental processes are very f lexible and highly depend on environmental factors. This is largely due to the existence of regulatory mechanisms that systemically control development on the whole plant level. In plants, regulatory peptides produced in the roots have been identified that are activated in response to different factors inf luencing root system, such as variation in the level of macronutrients (first of all, nitrogen and phosphorus) in the soil, inf luence of symbiotic microorganisms (soil rhizobial bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi), and water deficiency. Among the systemically acting peptides, the most thoroughly investigated are CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related) and CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDES) peptides that are capable of travelling through the xylem from the roots to the shoot and triggering responses via binding to specific receptors operating in the phloem of the leaf. This review focuses on the role of these two groups of peptides in molecular dialog between the root and shoot. Keywords: regulatory plant peptides, CLE, CEP, nitrogen signaling, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, autoregulation of nodulation, mycorrhiza DOI: 10.1134/S1021443720060114
INTRODUCTION Terrestrial plants consist of two main parts: the shoot responsible for carbon assimilation from the air in the course of photosynthesis and the root system engaged in uptake of water and mineral substances from the soil. In order to survive under changing environmental conditions, growth and development of these two parts must be coordinated on the level of whole organism, i.e., systematically. Such coordination implies the existence of specialized signal molecules capable of long-distance transport and mediating communication between different plant organs. Recent research has shown that plant regulatory peptides act as such signal molecules. By this time, more than 30 classes of peptide phytohormones with various functions have been identified [1, 2]. This review focuses on peptides from families CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related) [3, 4] and CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDES) [5] belonging to the group of posttranslationally modified peptides (PTMP) and often playing antagonistic roles in plant development. All PTMPs are produced as a longer precursor protein out of which an active highly mobile peptide Abbreviations: AON—autoregulation of nodulation; PTMP— posttranslationally modified peptides; RAM—root apical meristem; SAM—shoot apical meristem; TF—transcription factor
of 12–15 amino acid residues is produced as a result of proteolysis and posttranslational modifications [1]; it can
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