Inoculation of maize seeds with Pseudomonas putida leads to enhanced seedling growth in combination with modified regula
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Inoculation of maize seeds with Pseudomonas putida leads to enhanced seedling growth in combination with modified regulation of miRNAs and antioxidant enzymes Fatma Aydinoglu 1
&
Omer Iltas 1
&
Ozlem Akkaya 1
Received: 22 January 2020 / Accepted: 7 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Bacteria that positively interact with plant roots are defined as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Although the positive effect of PGPR on plant growth has been widely studied, their impact on genetic regulation during plant growth processes remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory role of miRNA and redox enzymes in response to PGPR at the maize seedling stage in leaf growth zone which consists of the meristem, elongation and mature zones. For this purpose, growth of the third leaf was monitored in response to Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) KT2440 at phenotypic, physiological, cellular, kinematic, and transcriptional levels. This application resulted in an increase of 15% in shoot length, 56% in both shoot fresh/dry weight, 10% in chlorophyll amount, 8% in mature cell length, 15% in leaf elongation rate, and 7% in cell production; meanwhile final leaf length was unchanged, while leaf area and leaf width decreased by 22% and 16%, respectively. Ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity increased throughout the leaf growth zone indicating a possible role in PGPR-plant interaction during transition between cell division, expansion and differentiation processes. The expression analysis of cell cycle check point marker genes revealed that CycA2_1 was mainly responsible for promoting cell proliferation in meristem. miR160, miR169 and miR408 were differentially expressed in the meristem, indicating their indirect regulatory roles in the cell division response to PGPR. In addition, miR160, miR319 and miR396 were downregulated in the elongation zone, which draws attention to their possible role in regulating cell elongation processes. In summary, cell cycle, redox and miRNA regulation in maize seedling growth zones in response to P. putida were investigated for the first time in this study. Keywords Pseudomonas putida . Zea mays . PGPR . miRNAs . Plant-bacteria interaction . Cell cycle
1 Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most consumed crop across the world, being used for food, feed and industrial purposes. Due to the challenges that agriculture is facing because of the increasing world population, improving the sustainability of the maize cultivation requires alternative growth strategies. In this regard, taking advantage of plant growth-promoting Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-020-00703-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fatma Aydinoglu [email protected] 1
Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
rhizobacteria/bacteria (PGPR/B) might be an alternative to applicatio
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