Inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum Reinforces Maize Growth by Improving Physiological Ac
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Inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum Reinforces Maize Growth by Improving Physiological Activities Under Saline Conditions Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef1,2 · Mona Fawzy Abu Alhmad2 · Mojtaba Kordrostami3 · Abo‑Baker Abd‑Elmoniem Abo–Baker4 · Ali Zakir5 Received: 10 June 2019 / Accepted: 7 January 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A pot study was performed to examine the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) including Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum on growth criteria (leaf area and seedlings fresh and dry weight), pigments [chlorophylls (Chl a and b) and carotenoids], osmolytes (soluble sugars, soluble proteins and proline), nutrient uptake, antioxidant enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in maize plants under normal and salt-affected soils. The results showed that salt stress +/Na+ ratio. On the other side, it increased soluble induced a reduction in growth traits, pigments, soluble proteins, K+, and K + sugars, proline, Na , malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Meanwhile, salt stress did not significantly change the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in maize plants. The inoculation using Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum significantly enhanced growth parameters, pigments, K +, osmolytes, K +/ + Na ratio, and the activity of CAT, POD, and APX of the salt-affected maize plants as well as uninoculated control plants. In addition, the results showed that both types of bacteria have attributed to lower MDA and N a+ in maize plants. Interestingly, Azospirillum lipoferum has affected more compared to Azotobacter chroococcum in control and salt-stressed plants. We, therefore, have observed in this study that microbial inoculation significantly improved plant physiological activities and that adding bacteria such as Azospiroillum or Azotobacter to the soil could mitigate the negative effects of salt stress on maize plants. Keywords Antioxidant activities · Mineral uptake · Osmolytes · Oxidative stress · Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) * Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef [email protected]; [email protected] * Mojtaba Kordrostami [email protected] * Ali Zakir [email protected] 1
Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Turabah Branch, Taif 21955, Saudi Arabia
2
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
3
Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, Iran
4
Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
5
Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari-Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
Introduction Soil and water salinity are major factors that limit growth and production of agricultural crops, especially in arid and semi-arid regions around the world (Machado and Serralheiro 2
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