Inorganic materials for transient electronics in biomedical applications
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Introduction Inorganic materials are attractive choices for electronic devices that can be configured to completely and harmlessly dissolve, resorb, or degrade, at a molecular level, as temporary biomedical implants or environmental sensors.1 Figure 1a shows a sequence of images of a Colpitts radio-frequency (RF) oscillator, as a source of a single-frequency RF signal that incorporates various representative bioresorbable electronic components, including inductors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, transistors, interconnects, substrates, and encapsulation layers, all of which dissolve over controlled periods of time when immersed in water.1 The ability to use inorganic materials in these systems, including certain classes that appear in conventional, nontransient electronics, creates many opportunities for high-performance, sophisticated modes of operation and for the use of production schemes that align, at least partly, with those of established foundry facilities in the semiconductor industry. A key to the successful development of inorganic bioresorbable electronics is in understanding the fundamental
aspects of the chemistry of dissolution in biofluids, and of the biocompatibility of the materials and the products of their degradation, either when used alone or together with organic bioresorbable materials.2–4 This article reviews these aspects in the context of the most important inorganic bioresorbable electronic materials, with a focus on those demonstrated in fully functional bioresorbable systems for specific potential applications in biomedicine. By comparison to organic alternatives, inorganics offer excellent electrical performance characteristics and the ability to operate in a stable fashion over time frames relevant to various physiological processes, such as wound healing cascades, encountered in human healthcare. In addition to an overview of the materials, we include examples of advanced devices, with capabilities in both sensing bioprocesses and delivering therapies across conditions that range from recovery from traumatic brain injury to healing of damaged peripheral nerves. We conclude with directions for future research.
Yeonsik Choi, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, USA; [email protected] Jahyun Koo, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, USA; [email protected] John A. Rogers, Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, and Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, USA; [email protected] doi:10.1557/mrs.2020.25
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Inorganic materials for transient electronics in biomedical applications
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