Inorganic Polyphosphate in Tissue Engineering
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are biopolymers of orthophosphates linked by phosphoanhydride bonds ubiquitously found in eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells and tissues, they have been implicated in the regulation of a number of biological processes. O
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Rahul Gawri*, Jean-Philippe St-Pierre*, Robert Pilliar, Marc Grynpas, and Rita A. Kandel
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are biopolymers of orthophosphates linked by phosphoanhydride bonds ubiquitously found in eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells and tissues, they have been implicated in the regulation of a number of biological processes. Owing to their ease of processing into materials and broad range of biological effects, these inorganic polymers have been investigated for an increasing number of biomedical applications. This chapter reviews the use of inorganic polyphosphate in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. It’s application in the fabrication of scaffold materials with interesting properties, mainly for bone repair but also to support tissue for-
* Both authors contributed equally to writing this chapter R. Gawri Institute of Biomaterial and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada J.-P. St-Pierre Lunenfeld Tannenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada R. Pilliar Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M. Grynpas Institute of Biomaterial and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Lunenfeld Tannenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada R.A. Kandel (*) Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T. Kulakovskaya et al. (eds.), Inorganic Polyphosphates in Eukaryotic Cells, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41073-9_14
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mation in other systems will be discussed. Applications in drug delivery will also be covered. Finally, recent efforts to harness the bioactivity of polyP toward improved tissue repair and regeneration will be mentioned along with emerging applications that hold tremendous promise. As our understanding of the varied roles of polyP in tissue homeostasis continues to evolve, we are likely to see an increase in the use of this ubiquitous biomolecule for TERM applications.
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Introduction
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are biomolecules composed of orthophosphate units linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds to form polymeric chains. These phosphate polymers can aptly be called “biopolymers” as they exhibit varied biological roles and modulate numerous biological processes in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, the three members of the phylogenetic tree of life. PolyP in nature are formed both abiotically and biotically. Abiotic forms of polyP are generated by heating orthophosphate at high temperatures under anhydrous conditions. Biotic forms of polyP are generated by enzymatic processes that include polyphosphate kinases 1 and 2 (PPK1 and PPK2) in prokaryotes and homologues. The enzyme(s) sy
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