A de novo theranostic nanomedicine composed of PEGylated graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles for cancer therapy
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A de novo theranostic nanomedicine composed of PEGylated graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles for cancer therapy Hadi Samadian1, Rahim Mohammad-Rezaei2, Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan3, Bakhshali Massoumi4, Mojtaba Abbasian4, Abbas Jafarizad5, Mehdi Jaymand1,a) 1
Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 4 Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 5 Department of Chemical Engineering Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 3
Received: 25 September 2019; accepted: 26 December 2019
A de novo drug delivery nanosystem based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs), decorated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and folate (FA)-conjugated graphene oxide (GO) was designed and developed successfully. Initially, the graphite (G) powder was oxidized to the GO, and then functionalized with chloroacetic acid to afford a carboxylated graphene oxide (GO–COOH). The obtained GO–COOH was functionalized with an amine end-caped PEG, FA, as well as 3-amino-1-propanethiol to produce a GO–PEG–FA–SH. In another experimental section, GNPs were synthesized through a citrate-mediated reduction approach, and subsequently decorated onto/into GO–PEG– FA–SH through the formation of Au–S bond to afford a GO–PEG–FA/GNP nanosystem. The resultant nanosystem was loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a model anticancer drug, and its drug-loading capacity as well as pH-dependent drug release behavior were investigated. The anticancer activity of the developed theranostic nanomedicine was extensively evaluated using MTT assay against human breast cancer cells (MCF7). The developed GO–PEG–FA/GNPs–DOX theranostic nanomedicine exhibited an excellent cancer chemotherapy feature. In addition, this nanomedicine can be used in chemo-photothermal therapy of solid tumors because of the presence of GO and GNPs in its structure.
Introduction Certainly, cancer has become the major global healthcare problem, with an increasing incidence worldwide [1]. Considering this fact, the design and development of more efficient drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer treatment is one of the most important demands for enhancing therapeutic outcomes with minimum side effects. In this context, the emergence of nanotechnology opening new opportunities for addressing the issues of conventional DDSs is studied [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The use of nanosystems for drug delivery purposes attracted great deal of academic and industrial efforts because of their some advantages over conventional DDSs, including multifunctionality, entrap poorly soluble drugs, targetability, overcome to multidrug resistance, and theranostic potential for a number of
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