Insights to the oxidative desulfurization process of fossil fuels over organic and inorganic heterogeneous catalysts: ad
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Insights to the oxidative desulfurization process of fossil fuels over organic and inorganic heterogeneous catalysts: advantages and issues Maryam Haghighi 1 & Somayeh Gooneh-Farahani 1 Received: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Strict environmental laws have been put in place around the world to reduce the amount of sulfur in the fuel to reduce the emissions of harmful gases from fuel combustion and improve air quality. Therefore, extensive researches have been undertaken to devise effective processes or to improve the desulfurization processes. Among the desulfurization processes, the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is a promising method to achieve very low and near-zero sulfur content of the fuel. In this process, sulfur compounds are converted to the corresponding sulfone by a catalyst and in the presence of an oxidant. The obtained compounds by polar solvents or adsorbents are removed from the fuel. In recent decades, extensive studies have been carried out on the catalysts used in the oxidative desulfurization process. In this review, a comprehensive survey has been performed on heterogeneous catalysts used in the oxidative desulfurization process. According to the reported researches, the heterogeneous catalysts used can be divided into five groups: ionic liquids, carbon materials, polyoxometalates, transition metal oxides stabilized on porous solid substrates, and metal–organic frameworks. The proposed mechanisms with different catalysts have also been studied in this work. Keywords Oxidative desulfurization . Heterogeneous catalysts . Solid supports . Aromatic sulfur compounds
Introduction Sulfur is found to be the most abundant element among petrochemicals after carbon and hydrogen elements (Dehghan and Anbia 2017). Depending on the sulfur content, crude oil Highlights Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process was compared with other non-HDS processes. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is one of the non-HDS technologies and is being commercialized. ODS process is a promising method for the removal of S-compounds from fuel oils in mild conditions. Investigation of the types of heterogeneous catalysts used and their advantages and disadvantages. Study of the proposed mechanism of removal of S-compounds from petroleum in different methods of ODS process. Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Maryam Haghighi [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University, P.O. Box, Tehran 1993891176, Iran
can be categorized to sour or sweet oils. Crude oil with a sulfur content of less than 0.5 wt% is classified as sweet oil and with more than 0.5 wt% is nominated as sour which needs desulfurization process (Ibrahim et al. 2017; Ismagilov et al. 2011; Les Charles Edwards and Lossius 2007). Sulfur compounds in crude oil are commonly known as impurities, leading to formation of undesirable odors and reduction of oil price. Meanwhile, sulfur compounds cause severe challenges du
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