Integrated factor analysis of water level variation in geographically isolated ponds
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Integrated factor analysis of water level variation in geographically isolated ponds Yufeng Li 1 & Yuqin Wu 2 & Alan Wright 3 & Jiayi Xu 2 & Hongyu Liu 1 & Gang Wang 2 & Cheng Wang 2 Received: 22 October 2019 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Small geographically isolated ponds provide a multitude of ecological functions and services, but water table fluctuations alter the magnitude of these services. Understanding temporal and spatial changes of surface water levels in the watershed, and their spatial variability, is critical for restoration and protection of small ponds. A biweight spatial consistency test was employed to quantify the seasonal variability of surface water tables for 50 ponds and hydrological connectivity models, and land use metrics, topographic characteristics, and irrigation needs, for groundwater, were introduced into the model to identify influencing factors. The spatial difference of water level changes in the rice season was greater than the wheat season while water table increased in the wheat season and declined in the rice season. Continuous runoff with complete surface hydrological connectivity of ponds, which was strongly related to precipitation, occurred only one time during the study period. Water level dynamics were largely uncorrelated to surface hydrological connectivity but were linked to watershed and pond size. By evaluating irrigation water requirements, irrigation was a primary human management factor affecting the water table changes in ponds. Groundwater also enriched influence factors that estimated water level variation in ponds, and these results will provide support for improved water resource management and ponds protection purposes. Keywords Water level variation . Geographically isolated ponds (GIPs) . Surface hydrological connectivity . Landscape attribute . Irrigation
Introduction Geographically isolated wetlands are wetlands entirely surrounded by uplands with an absence of persistent surface water connections (surface water inlets or outlets) Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09959-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yufeng Li [email protected] 1
School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
2
School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
3
Indian River Research and Education Center, Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida-IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
(Winter and Labaugh 2003). These wetlands or ponds span many hydrogeomorphic settings and wetland types (e.g., seasonal vernal pools, playas, and prairie potholes (Tiner 2003)). Multi-pond systems in China are one kind of geographically isolated wetland constructed for collecting rainwater for irrigation of crops. Th
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