Inter-layer reinforcement of 3D printed concrete elements
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Inter‑layer reinforcement of 3D printed concrete elements Bilal Baz1,2 · Georges Aouad1 · Noura Khalil2 · Sébastien Remond3 Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Concrete 3D printing is an emerging technology in the construction sector, and it has been undergoing an exponential increase in that field. Nowadays, one of the most challenging subjects in 3D printing is the reinforcing method, particularly at the interface level between printed layers. These interfaces are considered the weakest parts in a printed element, and are the cause of its anisotropic behavior. Therefore, the study at hands first presents a customized 4-point bending test, developed particularly to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed inter-layer reinforcing technique. Second, it evaluates the effects and potentials of inserting steel nails or screws across successive layers. The type of reinforcement in terms of surface geometry, as well as the effect of the reinforcement’s number and arrangement over the printed surfaces was extensively assessed. Hence, it was found that inter-layer reinforcement is possible using local reinforcement. Notably, the results demonstrated that the surface geometry of the reinforcing agents greatly influences the quality of the bond generated with printed concrete layers. Precisely, reinforcements having smooth surfaces can be a real advantage to strengthen the interfaces between successive layers if properly distributed and implemented. Keywords 3D printing · Additive manufacturing · Reinforcement · Inter-layer
Introduction Additive manufacturing of concrete elements is becoming a leading technology in the construction field. It increases the production rate while giving higher architectural freedom and better quality of the produced structure (Wangler et al. 2016; El Cheikh et al. 2017; Sakin and Kiroglu, 2017). Most researches have been focused on the mix design, rheological properties of the printable material and the process related issues (Perrot et al. 2016; Roussel 2018; Panda et al. 2019; Baz et al. 2020c). Lately, researchers are focusing on the mechanical and structural performance of reinforced and unreinforced printed concrete structures (Asprone and Auricchio et al. 2018; Asprone and Menna et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019b). Indeed, real-scale structures require the addition of reinforcements to provide sufficient * Georges Aouad [email protected] 1
Faculty of Engineering, University of Balamand, UOB, Al Koura, Tripoli, Lebanon
2
IMT Lille Douai, LGCgE, GCE, 59508 Douai, France
3
University of Orléans, University of Tours, INSA CVL, LaMé, EA 7494, Orléans, France
tensile and flexural strength to the element (Asprone and Menna et al. 2018). Different solutions for the incorporation of reinforcement have been proposed (Lim et al. 2012; Christ et al. 2015; Hack et al. 2015; Lloret et al. 2015; Lloret Fritschi et al. 2017; Panda et al. 2017; Hambach and Volkmer 2017; Asprone and Auricchio et
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