Irrigation risk assessment of groundwater in a non-perennial river basin of South India: implication from irrigation wat
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Irrigation risk assessment of groundwater in a non-perennial river basin of South India: implication from irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and geographical information system (GIS) approaches P. Aravinthasamy 1 & D. Karunanidhi 1 & N. Subba Rao 2 & T. Subramani 3 & K. Srinivasamoorthy 4 Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Groundwater is an important natural resource for irrigation purpose in the non-perennial River basin (Shanmuganadhi) of South India. The present investigation was conducted to determine the groundwater suitability for irrigation purpose, using irrigation water quality index (IWQI) with the application of GIS. A total of 61 groundwater samples collected from the present study region were chemically analyzed such as TDS, EC, pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−, and SO42−. Groundwater quality shows slight alkalinity (7.11–7.95). The Wilcox, USSL, and Doneen’s diagrams, and RSC, KR, and MHR indices indicate that maximum groundwater sampling locations fall under the unsuitable category for irrigation purpose. According to the classification of IWQI, 57% of the total groundwater samples belongs to the poor to unsuitable water quality types for irrigation. The spatial distribution of IWQI displays that 77.27% of the present study region comes under the vulnerable zones such as moderate restriction (51.99%, high restriction (23.10%), and severe restriction (2.18%) water quality for irrigation purpose. Therefore, the present study suggests the suitable treatment methods for increasing the soil permeability and thereby to improve the crop production. Keywords Groundwater quality . Irrigation water quality index . Doneen’s diagrams . Geographical information systems . South India
Introduction Groundwater is one of the most precious natural resources in the earth’s atmosphere. It supports human health, socioeconomic growth, and ecosystem functions (Steube et al. 2009). On the other hand, climate change plays an important This article is part of the Topical Collection on Recent advanced techniques in water resources management * D. Karunanidhi [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641062, India
2
Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India
3
Department of Geology, CEG, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
4
Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet Pondicherry 605014, India
role in affecting groundwater quantity in arid and semi-arid regions through the variation of groundwater recharge due to magnitude, time, and duration (Taylor et al. 2012; Hiscock et al. 2012; Omran et al. 2014; Shrestha et al. 2016; Subba Rao 2017; Aravinthasamy et al. 2019a, 2019b; Karunanidhi et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2020a, 2020b). Groundwater resource management is a problem in arid and semi-arid regions due to a shortage of surface water, irregular monsoon, and high evaporation rates (DeNicola et
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