Japanese Wartime Zoo Policy The Silent Victims of World War II
This book examines Japanese wartime zoo policy during World War II, analyzing the reasons why the Home Ministry destroyed more than 300 showpiece animals throughout Japan well before U.S. air strikes were anticipated, with international comparisons of the
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Japanese Wartime Zoo Policy The Silent Victims of World War II
Mayumi Itoh
JAPANESE WARTIME ZOO POLICY
Copyright © Mayumi Itoh, 2010. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-10894-3 All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-29183-0
ISBN 978-0-230-11744-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230117440 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Itoh, Mayumi, 1954– Japanese wartime zoo policy : the silent victims of World War II / Mayumi Itoh. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Zoo animals—Effect of human beings on—Japan—History— 20th century. 2. Animal welfare—Moral and ethical aspects—Japan— History—20th century. 3. World War, 1939–1945—Moral and ethical aspects—Japan. 4. Japan—Politics and government—1926–1945. 5. War victims—Japan—History—20th century. I. Title. QL76.5.J3I86 2010 940.53⬘1—dc22
2010017701
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For the animals who perished in the march of human folly
C on ten ts
List of Photographs and Tables
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Notes on the Text
xiii
List of Abbreviations
xv
Map
xvi
Photographs
xvii
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Introduction: “Disposal of Dangerous Animals” as Japan’s National Policy Historical Background: Creation of Modern Zoos and Militarism in Japan Zoos in Eastern Japan and World War II Zoos in Western Japan and World War II Zoos in Central Japan and World War II Zoos in Southwestern Japan and Japan’s Exterior Territories and World War II Zoos in Europe and World War II Zoos in the United States and World War II Zoos in Japan in the Early Postwar Years Conclusion: Assessment of Japanese Wartime Zoo Policy
1 15 37 57 77 101 121 145 161 185
Appendix
205
Notes
207
Bibliography
229
Index
237
P ho t o gr a phs a n d Ta bl e s
Photographs 1 Hanako at memorial service for fallen military animals, 1940 2 John in death, denied food and water since August 13, 1943 at Ueno Zoo, August 29, 1943 3 Kyōko and Maru, denied food and water since March 19, 1945 (died on April 24 and April 1, respectively) at Ueno Zoo, March 1945 4 Rita in military uniform at Osaka City Zoo, 1938 5 Danchi wearing gas mask for air-raid drill at Kobe City Zoo, 1938 6 Kiiko, Adon, Eldo, and Makani (from left) perform in patriotic costume at Higashiyama Zoo, October 193
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