An Overview on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Other Human Coronaviruses and Their Detection Capability via Amplification Assa
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REVIEW
Cite as Nano-Micro Lett. (2021) 13:18 Received: 16 June 2020 Accepted: 6 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00533-y
An Overview on SARS‑CoV‑2 (COVID‑19) and Other Human Coronaviruses and Their Detection Capability via Amplification Assay, Chemical Sensing, Biosensing, Immunosensing, and Clinical Assays Yasin Orooji1,2 *, Hessamaddin Sohrabi3, Nima Hemmat4, Fatemeh Oroojalian5, Behzad Baradaran4, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh4 *, Mohamad Mohaghegh6, Hassan Karimi‑Maleh7,8,9 *
HIGHLIGHTS • Various amplification assays and sensing can be applied for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. • The outputs of biosensors should be presented quantitatively to obtain more accurate and more accessible results. • Developing smaller size platforms is one approach toward applying such phone apps, as well as utilizing LFA, biosensors, and nano‑ biosensors detection techniques.
piratory disease. COVID-19 causative agent is structurally and genetically similar to SARS and bat SARS-like coronaviruses.
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CoV-2) has recently been recognized in patients with acute res‑
IA
ABSTRACT A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (SARS-
Point-of-care (POC) biosensing assays
The drastic increase in the number of coronavirus and its genome sequence have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform bioinformatics and genomics analysis on this class of viruses.
SARS-CoV-2
Immunosensing assays
Clinical tests like PCR and ELISA for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients.
Smartphone analysis
However, these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care (POC) applications. Currently, lack of any rapid, available, and reliable POC detection method gives rise to the progres‑ sion of COVID-19 as a horrible global problem. To solve the negative features of clinical investigation, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of coronaviruses and describe various amplification assays, sensing, biosensing, immunosensing, and aptasensing for the determination of various groups of coronaviruses applied as a template for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. All sensing and biosensing techniques developed for the determination of various classes of coronaviruses are useful to recognize the newly immerged coronavirus, i.e., SARS-CoV-2. Also, the introduction of sensing and biosensing methods sheds light on the way of designing a proper screening system
Yasin Orooji and Hessamaddin Sohrabi have contributed equally to this work.
* Yasin Orooji, [email protected]; Ahad Mokhtarzadeh, [email protected]; Hassan Karimi‑Maleh, [email protected] 1 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China Vol.:(0123456789)
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to detect the virus at the early stage of infection to tranquilize the speed and vastity of spreading. Among other approaches investigated among molecular approaches and PCR or recognition of viral disease
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