Lactobacillus Cell Surface Proteins Involved in Interaction with Mucus and Extracellular Matrix Components
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Lactobacillus Cell Surface Proteins Involved in Interaction with Mucus and Extracellular Matrix Components Lidia Muscariello1 · Barbara De Siena1 · Rosangela Marasco1 Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The gut microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem where bacteria, through mutual interactions, cooperate in maintaining of wellbeing and health. Lactobacilli are among the most important constituents of human and animal intestinal microbiota and include many probiotic strains. Their presence ensures protection from invasion of pathogens, as well as stimulation of the immune system and protection of the intestinal flora, often exerted through the ability to interact with mucus and extracellular matrix components. The main factors responsible for mediating adhesion of pathogens and commensals to the gut are cell surface proteins that recognize host targets, as mucus layer and extracellular matrix proteins. In the last years, several adhesins have been reported to be involved in lactobacilli–host interaction often miming the same mechanism used by pathogens.
Introduction The gut microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem where bacteria, through mutual interactions, cooperate in maintaining of wellbeing and health of the host. Indeed, intestinal bacteria play a key role in modulating immune system, metabolic pathways and in providing protection against invasion by pathogens. Intestinal microflora consists of about 1013–1014 organisms, with more than 1000 different species. Its alteration, called disbiosis, may cause damage to the host health. An important contribution to the activity of the intestinal microbiota is given by lactobacilli. They are among the most numerous bacteria in the proximal small intestine of healthy individuals where they adhere to the epithelium and the mucosal layers, contributing to the balance of the microbial ecosystem. Their presence provides protection from invasion of pathogens and stimulation of the immune response. Ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus S-layer protein A (SlpA) to inhibit bacterial infection by blocking cellular receptor DC-SIGN and murein hydrolase activity is a clear example of these features [1–3]. Moreover * Rosangela Marasco [email protected] 1
Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche E Farmaceutiche, Università Degli Studi Della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
it has been also shown that the SlpA/DC-SIGN interaction plays a key role in the regulation of dentritic cells and T cells functions [1]. In light of all this, lactobacilli are increasingly used for their nutraceutic (nutribiotics) and pharmaceutic (pharmabiotics) properties. Particularly, pharmabiotics may be potential tools for the prophylaxis or treatment of enteric infections [4]. Adhesion ability of probiotic bacteria might contribute to their beneficial effects by favoring colonization and extending persistence in the gut. In adhesion processes of lactobacilli, surface
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