Layered double hydroxide intercalated with tyrosine for ultrasonic-assisted microextraction of tramadol and methadone fr
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Layered double hydroxide intercalated with tyrosine for ultrasonic-assisted microextraction of tramadol and methadone from biological samples followed by GC/MS analysis Laleh Adlnasab 1
&
Parvin Shahdousti 2 & Hamid Ahmar 3
Received: 12 September 2019 / Accepted: 24 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A magnetic nanocomposite adsorbent based on Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) intercalated with tyrosine has been synthesized for ultrasound-assisted extraction of two drugs of abuse: tramadol (TRA) and methadone (MET). Analysis was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The synthesized LDH was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The most important extraction parameters such as type of the elution solvent, pH value of the sample solution, and the amount of the adsorbent were optimized. With assistance of ultrasound radiation, the maximum extraction of target drugs using the fabricated LDH was achieved within 5 min. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of determination were 0.45, 0.45, 2.5, and 0.8 μg L−1 for TRA and 0.15, 0.15, 1.2, and 0.5 μg L−1 for MET in water, urine, plasma, and saliva samples, respectively. The preconcentration factors obtained were in the range of 50–145. The matrix effect for MET and TRA is considerable in plasma (66%, 18%) and saliva (72%, 34%), respectively. The precision was found to be better 11% RSD. The maximum adsorption capacity is 4.84 (mg g−1) (L mg−1)1/n based on the Freundlich isotherm. The proposed method presents good results for trace determination of tramadol and methadone in biological samples with satisfactory repeatability. Keywords Zn-Al LDH . Methadone . Tramadol . Tyrosine intercalation . Ultrasonic extraction; GC/MS
Introduction Methadone (MET) is a synthetic painkiller drug which is used in maintenance therapy for the management of opioid dependence [1]. Tramadol (TRA) is a central analgesic drug widely used in therapeutics [2]. Unfortunately, there is a growing evidence of MET and TRA abuse and statistics have shown Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04237-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Laleh Adlnasab [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Chemistry and Petrochemistry Research Center, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
2
Department of Chemistry, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
the increase in the number of deaths due to the overdose of these synthetic opioids [3]. As a result, opioid tests were developed to confirm the presence of opioids in urine, blood, saliva, hair and etc. MET and TRA are often measured in urine as part of a drug abuse testing. They are also determined in blood to detect poisoning in a sudd
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