Lead (Pb)-resistant bacteria inhibit Pb accumulation in dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) by improving biochemical, physiolo
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Lead (Pb)-resistant bacteria inhibit Pb accumulation in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) by improving biochemical, physiological, and antioxidant enzyme response of plants Akram Rahbari 1 & Hamideh Fatemi 1 & Behrooz Esmaiel Pour 1 & Muhammad Rizwan 2 & Ali-Ashraf Soltani 3 Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The accumulation of heavy metal in the soil is a serious concern for sustainable food production due to their toxic effects on plants and other living things. The strategies are required on urgent bases for the management of metal-contaminated soils. Thus, the microbes from the genus Pseudomonas were characterized for different traits and lead (Pb)-resistant ability and their effects were assessed on growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and Pb uptake by dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Furthermore, soil basal respiration and induced respiration in soil were also assessed under microbes and Pb stress. Among the tested three strains, Pseudomonas P159 and P150 were more tolerant to Pb stress than Pseudomonas P10, whereas P159 showed the highest values for phosphorus (P), siderophore, auxin, and hydrogen cyanide production. The bacterial inoculation increased the plant shoot dry weights, carbohydrates, proline, and chlorophyll contents under Pb stress. The catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities of the plants were higher in bacterial-treated plants than control. The bacterial inoculation decreased Pb concentration in plants, and the response varied with the type of microbes. The bacterial strains enhanced the soil basal and induced respiration than respective Pb treatments alone. Overall, Pseudomonas P159 is potentially suitable for the remediation of Pb-contaminated soils. Keywords Heavy metal stress . Enzymatic antioxidant . Dill plants . Pseudomonas spp.
Introduction Lead (Pb) is considered one of the most toxic elements present in air, water, and soil, which is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities (Rehman et al. 2017; Rizwan et al. 2018). The Pb can adversely affect the growth and metabolism of various plant species which is due to its direct release into the different Responsible editor: Elena Maestri Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10851-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Behrooz Esmaiel Pour [email protected] 1
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
environmental compartments. A large number of studies on the effects of Pb in plants showed that it has negative effects on some factors such as germination of seeds, growth of the plant roots,
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