Leaf spot of Sapindus mukorossi caused by Diaporthe biconispora in China
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Leaf spot of Sapindus mukorossi caused by Diaporthe biconispora in China Yuan-Zhi Si 1,2 & Jian-Wei Sun 1,2 & De-Wei Li 3 & Lin Huang 1,2 & Yue Ju 1,2 & Li-HuaZhu 1,2 Received: 22 September 2020 / Accepted: 22 November 2020 # Australasian Plant Pathology Society Inc. 2020
Abstract Leaf spot of soapberry, Sapindus mukorossi is a disease new to China. The disease significantly reduces not only the plant’s ornamental value but also its medicinal properties. Identification of pathogens timely assists preventing and controlling this disease. In July 2019, foliage of soapberry on the campus of Nanjing Forestry University, China, was infected by the disease, and the disease incidence was 96%. Symptomatic leaves were collected from three infected trees. After isolating the fungus, its pathogenicity was tested to satisfy Koch’s postulates, and the culture was identified based on its morphological features and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Isolates WHZ3 and YB1 from the diseased leaves were identified as Diaporthe biconispora, and the identification was confirmed using morphological features and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses derived from an internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), beta-tubulin (β-tub), histone H3 (HIS), and calmodulin (CAL). Koch’s postulates proved the fungus to be a pathogen on soapberry. Diaporthe biconispora was previously reported as an endophyte in plants of the Citrus group, but was shown to be pathogenic to soapberry causing leaf spots. Keywords Asexual fungi . Diaporthales . Multi-gene phylogeny . Phomopsis . New disease Members of the genus Diaporthe include plant pathogens, endophytes, and saprobes (Gomes et al. 2013; Udayanga et al. 2011). Some species are also pathogenic to humans. For example, D. oculi was reported as the cause of keratitis and D. pseudooculi, that of rose thorn injury (Ozawa et al. 2019). As plant pathogens, species of this genus usually cause root and fruit rots, dieback, cankers, leaf spots, blights, decay, and wilt of many economically important plant species (Diogo et al. 2010; Gomes et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2015; Thompson et al. 2011). Some of these diseases lead to significant reductions in yield and to economic loss (Santos et al. 2011). For example, D. helianthi decreased sunflower production by up to 40% in Europe (Masirevic and Gulya 1992; Thompson
* Li-HuaZhu [email protected] 1
College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
2
Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
3
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, USA
et al. 2011), and D. angeliace decreased the production of carrot seed in France (Bastide et al. 2017). In addition, some species of Diaporthe can be either pathogenic or harmless endophytes (Gomes et al. 2013). For example, D. foeniculina is pathogenic to Citrus limonia, but endophytic in a wide range of tropical trees (Udayanga et al.
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