Light absorption enhancement of particulate matters and their source apportionment over the Asian continental outflow si
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Light absorption enhancement of particulate matters and their source apportionment over the Asian continental outflow site and South Yellow Sea Feiyan Cao 1 & Xiaorong Zhang 1 & Chunyu Hao 1 & Shani Tiwari 1 & Bing Chen 1,2 Received: 22 June 2020 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Light absorption enhancement of black carbon due to the aerosol mixing states is an important parameterization for climate modeling, while emission source contributions to the enhancement factor are unclear. An intensive campaign was conducted simultaneously at a China coastal site (Qingdao city) and maritime sites (South Yellow Sea, SYS) in August and Nov to Dec 2018. The absorption enhancement (EMAC) of the black carbon was calculated using a two-step solvent dissolution protocol and found 1.96 ± 0.68, 1.64 ± 0.38, and 2.40 ± 0.76 for Qingdao summer (QS), Qingdao autumn (QA), and SYS, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six sources of PM2.5 and EMAC, which were secondary aerosol (with contribution 27.9% and 29.2%), coal combustion (24.9% and 20.2%), industrial emissions (15.2% and 25.4%), sea salt (6.9% and 9.6%), vehicle emissions (12.1% and 10.9%), and soil dust (13.0% and 4.7%), respectively. These sources increased the absorption of black carbon by a factor of 1.25 ± 0.11 (secondary aerosol), 1.21 ± 0.20 (industrial emissions), 1.17 ± 0.08 (coal combustion), 1.09 ± 0.07 (vehicle emissions), 1.08 ± 0.17 (sea salt), and 1.04 ± 0.10 (soil dust). Based on the correlation between PM and EMAC source contributions, we estimated that secondary aerosols, industrial emissions, and coal combustion contributed to 74.8% of absorption enhancement at a regional scale in China. The source apportionment for EMAC offers a new diagnosis for each source regarding aerosol forcing simulation which inputs from the individual emission sector. Keywords Positive matrix factorization . Black carbon . Radiative absorption . Source contributions
Introduction Highlights • Characteristics and sources of PM2.5 are investigated in Qingdao and the South Yellow Sea. • Black carbon absorption enhancement (EMAC) and sources of EMAC are quantified. • Six sources of PM2.5 and EMAC were identified. • Secondary aerosols were the most important source. • The source apportionment of EMAC is estimated based on their sources of PM2.5 for other regions. Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11134-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Bing Chen [email protected] 1
Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
2
Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
Along with the rapid industrialization and urbanization, air pollution over the developing countries (such as China and India) has been the subject of major debate during t
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