Liquid chromatographic methods coupled to chemometrics: a short review to present the key workflow for the investigation
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CHEMISTRY STUDIES
Liquid chromatographic methods coupled to chemometrics: a short review to present the key workflow for the investigation of wine phenolic composition as it is affected by environmental factors Natasa P. Kalogiouri 1
&
Victoria F. Samanidou 1
Received: 6 February 2020 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The guarantee of wine authenticity arises great concern because of its nutritional and economic importance. Phenolic fingerprints have been used as a source of chemical information for various authentication issues, including botanical and geographical origin, as well as vintage age. The local environment affects wine production and especially its phenolic metabolites. Integrated analytical methodologies combined with chemometrics can be applied in wine fingerprinting studies for the determination and establishment of phenolic markers that contain comprehensive and standardized information about the wine profile and how it can be affected by various environmental factors. This review summarizes all the recent trends in the generation of chemometric models that have been developed for treating chromatographic data and have been used for the investigation of critical wine authenticity issues, revealing phenolic markers responsible for the botanical, geographical, and vintage age classification of wines. Overall, the current review suggests that chromatographic methodologies are promising and powerful techniques that can be used for the accurate determination of phenolic compounds in difficult matrices like wine, highlighting the advantages of the applications of supervised chemometric tools over unsupervised for the construction of prediction models that have been successfully used for the classification based on their territorial and botanical origin. Keywords Wine . Chromatography . Chemometrics . Authenticity . Phenolic fingerprints . Geographical origin
Introduction Wine is an alcoholic beverage with major nutritional and economic importance worldwide. The production of wine is known as winemaking or vinification. The main categories are white, red, and rosé. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the worldwide wine production is estimated at 31 million tonnes, with Italy ranking first and France, Spain, and the USA following. Over the last 10 years, the demand for wine has been steadily increasing, and production growth is estimated at 8.6% (Perini and Camin 2013). Taking into consideration its economic value, it can be easily understood that wine is one of the most common Responsible editor: Ester Heath * Natasa P. Kalogiouri [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
alcoholic beverages subject to fraud (Villano et al. 2017). Food authenticity is bound to verity and, therefore, wine is considered genuine when it is not affected by any fraud (Cuadros-
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