Chromatographic Methods
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Chromatographic Methods Fifth Edition A. BRAITHWAITE Department of Physical Sciences Nottingham Trent University and
F. J. SMITH Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Paisley
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
FIN editlOn 1963 Second edltlOn 1967 Thlrd edltlOn 1974 Repnnted 1977 Fourth edltlon 1985 Flfth edltlon 1996 Repnnted 1999 Repnnted 2001
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 ISBN 978-0-7514-0158-5 ISBN 978-94-011-0599-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0599-6 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or pnvate study, or cntlcism or review, as permitted under the UK Copynght Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, wlthout the prior permission in writing of the pubhshers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms ofthe hcences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or m accordance wlth the terms of hcences issued by the appropriate Reproduction RIghts Organization outslde the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the pubhshers at the Glasgow address printed on thls page. The pubhsher makes no representation, express or implied, wlth regard to the accuracy of the information contamed in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for thls book IS available rrom the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-80922
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Preface Since the inception of chromatography in 1903, the principal landmarks in its progress have been the virtual rediscovery of the technique in the 1930s, invention of synthetic resins in 1935, introduction of paper chromatography in the 1940s followed by that of thin layer, gas-solid and gas-liquid chromatography in the early 1950s. Whilst the theoretical aspects of HPLC were developed in the 1960s, it was the late 1970s before commercial instruments appeared. Developments through the 1980s in microelectronics and microprocessor technology afforded enhanced control, data acquisition and processing capabilities, and improved technologies for the manufacture of instrumentation. Developments in chromatographic media and packings and rapid scanning spectroscopic instruments have enabled combination techniques such as GC-MS, GC-IR, HPLC-MS and HPLC-IR to reach maturity and become standard routine techniques for the analyst. Further considerable research activity in the 1980s and early 1990s has led to the development of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and high performance capillary electrophoresis is a technique that has proved invaluable in the genome project and the separation and typing of DNA fragments. Applications in environmental, health and safety, foods analysis and medical studies have contributed significantly to the advancement of these techniques. All of
