Chromatographic Methods
In recent years the techniques of chromatography have progressed rapidly. However, the aims and objectives of the First Edition, as quoted below, are just as relevant today as they undoubtedly were in 1963. 'The various methods of separating mixtures whic
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CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
A. Braithwaite F. J. Smith Department of Physical Sciences, Trent Polytechnic, Nottingham
London New York
Chapman and Hall
First published 1963 Second edition 1967 Third edition 1974 Reprinted 1977 Fourth edition 1985 Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall 29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001
© 1985 A.
Braithwaite and F. 1. Smith
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
This title is available in both hardbound and paperback editions. The paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Braithwaite, A. Chromatographic methods.-4th ed. 1. Chromatographic analysis I. Title II. Smith, F. III. Stock, R. Chromatographic methods 543' .089 QG79.C4 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8316-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4093-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4093-2
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Braithwaite, A., 1942Chromatographic methods. Rev. ed. of: Chromotographic methods/R. Stock. 3rd ed. 1974. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Chromatographic analysis. I. Smith, F. 1., 1950. II. Stock, Ralph. Chromatographic methods. III. Title. QD79.C4B73 1985 543'.089 85-12746
CONTENTS
1
Preface
ix
Introduction
1
1.1
Introduction to chromatography
1.3
Classification of chromatographic methods References
1.2 Historical aspects of chromatography
2
Theoretical considerations
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3
Factors influencing retention Theory of separations and retention characteristics Column efficiency Band broadening Resolution Quantitation in chromatography References
Plane chromatography
3.1 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 3.2 Paper chromatography (PC) 3.3 Electrophoresis References 4
Liquid phase chromatography on open columns
4.1 Practical aspects/considerations 4.2 Modes of chromatography 4.3 Adsorption chromatography
1 2 5 10 11 13
14 16 17 19 21 23
24 24 50 70 81 85 86 90 90
vi
Contents 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13
5
6
Partition column chromatography Ion-exchange chromatography Salting out chromatography Inorganic ion-exchangers Liquid ion-exchangers Gel ion-exchangers Gel chromatography Affinity chromatography Covalent chromatography Chromatofocusing References
94 98 108 108 110 111 115 129 132 132 134
Gas chromatography (GC)
137
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
Principles of GC GC instrumentation Sampling techniqu
