Long-Term Impact of Liming on Soil C and N in a Fertile Spruce Forest Ecosystem
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Long-Term Impact of Liming on Soil C and N in a Fertile Spruce Forest Ecosystem T. Persson,1* S. Andersson,2 J. Bergholm,3 T. Gro¨nqvist,4 L. Ho¨gbom,5,6 B. Vegerfors,7 and A. Wire´n3 1
Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; 2Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; 3Uppsala, Sweden; 4Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; 5Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Uppsala Science Park, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; 6Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea˚, Sweden; 7Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
ABSTRACT Liming can counteract acidification in forest soils, but the effects on soil C and N pools and fluxes over long periods are less well understood. Replicated plots in an acidic and N-rich 40-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest in SW Sweden (Hasslo¨v) were treated with 0, 3.45 and 8.75 Mg ha-1 of dolomitic lime (D0, D2 and D3) in 1984. Between 1984 and 2016, soil organic C to 30 cm depth increased by 28 Mg ha-1 (30% increase) in D0 and decreased by 9 Mg ha-1 (9.4% decrease) in D3. The change in D2 was not significant (+ 2 Mg ha-1). Soil N pools changed proportionally to those in soil C pools. The C and N changes occurred almost exclusively in the top organic layer. Non-burrowing earthworms responded positively to liming and stimulated heterotrophic respiration in this layer in
Received 18 December 2019; accepted 28 August 2020 Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00563-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Author Contributions TP conceived the funding, designed the study and was responsible for most of the research. SA and AW took part in field, laboratory and calculation work in the first half of the study. TG made laboratory and calculation work during the second part of the study. JB was responsible for deposition and leaching studies. LH organized the sampling in 2007. BV made the statistical analysis. TP wrote the paper and all co-authors commented on the manuscript. *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected]
both D2 and D3. Burrowing earthworms in D3 further accelerated C and N turnover and loss of soil. The high soil C and N loss at our relatively N-rich site differs from studies of N-poor sites showing no C and N loss. Earthworms need both high pH and N-rich food to reach high abundance and biomass. This can explain why liming of N-rich soils often results in decreasing C and N pools, whereas liming of N-poor soils with few earthworms will not show any change in soil C and N. Extractable nitrate N was always higher in D3 than in D2 and D0. After 6 years (1990), potential nitrification was much higher in D3 (19
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