Maize plants have different strategies to protect their developing seeds against cadmium toxicity
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Maize plants have different strategies to protect their developing seeds against cadmium toxicity Fabiana Hibary Kato . Marcia Eugenia Amaral Carvalho Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
. Salete Aparecida Gaziola .
Received: 21 January 2020 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 Ó Brazilian Society of Plant Physiology 2020
Abstract This work aimed to quantify the concentration of soluble amino acids, nitrogen (N) and Cd in the developing seeds of maize plants that were grown in Cd-contaminated soil from seed sowing to the reproductive stages. The specific activities and feedback inhibition properties of lysine (Lys) metabolic enzymes were also determined in developing seeds. The potential maize yield was depressed by Cd exposure. Cadmium concentration in plant organs followed the decreasing order: roots [ stems = leaves [ developing seeds (37.04, 1.95, 1.46 and 0.22 mg kg-1 Cd, respectively). The relatively low Cd concentration in the remained developing seeds was a result from root- and earmediated reductions of the Cd translocation in plants. Plants under Cd exposure presented developing seeds with an increased N concentration (up to 7%) when compared to control plants. Furthermore, the level of soluble amino acids (particularly histidine, glycine, tyrosine, methionine, isoleucine and valine) was increased in the developing seeds of Cd-treated plants. In addition, changes in the feedback properties of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), an enzyme from lysine metabolism, were observed in developing
F. H. Kato M. E. A. Carvalho S. A. Gaziola R. A. Azevedo (&) Departamento de Gene´tica, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘‘Luiz de Queiroz’’ / Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
seeds. In conclusion, the current study showed that maternal plant exposure to Cd can alter the concentration of soluble amino acids and the behavior of Lys metabolic enzymes in developing seeds. This study provided not only new information about the influence of the long-term Cd exposure on plants, but also data about protective plant strategies against Cd toxicity. Keywords Cd Corn grain Lysine metabolism Heavy metal Soluble amino acid Zea mays
1 Introduction Anthropogenic activities have increased the availability of heavy metals in superficial waters and lands, from where both animals and plants can absorb and ˚ kesson 2009; accumulate these elements (Ja¨rup and A Kabata-Pendias 2011). In humans, cadmium (Cd) can trigger infertility, cancer, and kidney and bone ˚ kesson 2009; Alaee et al. diseases (Ja¨rup and A 2014). In plants, Cd can trigger oxidative stress, nutritional disturbances, growth prevention, hormonal imbalances, chromosomal aberrations, and modifications in progeny fitness (Fidalgo et al. 2011; Gallego et al. 2012; Sebastian and Prasad 2016; Soares et al. 2019; Carvalho et al. 2020a; Hendrix et al. 2020). The number of studies involving plant exposure to Cd has increased due to the concerns regarding Cd-induced impacts on crop pe
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