Seed Priming by Cyanobacteria ( Spirulina platensis ) and Salep Gum Enhances Tolerance of Maize Plant Against Cadmium To
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Seed Priming by Cyanobacteria (Spirulina platensis) and Salep Gum Enhances Tolerance of Maize Plant Against Cadmium Toxicity Maryam Seifikalhor1 · Seyedeh Batool Hassani2 · Sasan Aliniaeifard3 Received: 29 April 2019 / Accepted: 1 October 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is considered as a hazard for plant growth and human health. In the current study, the beneficial effects of maize (Zea mays L.) seed priming with salep gum (SG), Spirulina platensis (SP) and combination of SG and SP on seed germination, plant growth, photosynthesis performance, and Cd uptake and translocation factor were investigated on plants exposed to Cd toxicity (200 mg CdCl2 per kg of culture medium). Seed priming either by SG or SG + SP accelerated seed germination irrespective of Cd application. Improvement of plant growth due to seed priming by SP was observed in Cdcontaminated soil. SP caused Cd depletion in the shoots of the Cd-exposed plants. Cd translocation from root to shoot was significantly restricted in seed-primed plants after 12 days of sowing. Seed priming by SP improved photosynthetic electron flows and increased non-photochemical quenching in Cd-exposed maize plants. In conclusion, due to positive effects of seed priming (particularly by SP) on growth, photosynthetic capacity, and Cd accumulation and translocation, it can be effectively used to enhance plant capacity to cope with Cd toxicity in contaminated soils. Keywords Cd stress · Zea mays L. · Salep gum · Spirulina platensis
Introduction Heavy metals (HM) are highly toxic soil pollutants that negatively influence plant growth and development. HM contamination has increased in agricultural lands due to the superfluous application of chemical fertilizers (e.g., phosphate fertilizers), sewage sludge, and industrial wastewater (Polle and Schützendübel 2004). Among HMs, cadmium (Cd) has been introduced as the most toxic mineral due to its relatively high mobility in soil and toxicity potential for living organisms (Gallego et al. 2012; Qiu et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2007). Naturally, Cd accumulates at low concentrations * Seyedeh Batool Hassani [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Biology, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms in Iran, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155, Iran
2
Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
in soil; however, its high content has also been reported in certain soil types such as Hudiara drain water and canal irrigated soils (Kashif et al. 2009). Cd enters the food chain via sewage sludge and phosphate fertilizers (Benavides et al. 2005; Rizwan et al. 2016; Torabian and Mahjouri 2002) and its shift to human bodies has been estimated up to 5% (Lagua and Claudio 2012). The biological half-life of the Cd in human/animal bodies ranged
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