Manipulating the depth of processing reveals the relevance of second eye fixations for recollection but not familiarity
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Manipulating the depth of processing reveals the relevance of second eye fixations for recollection but not familiarity Charlotte Schwedes1 · Demian Scherer2 · Dirk Wentura1 Received: 21 January 2019 / Accepted: 15 June 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract It is well known that memory affects eye movements. However, the role of individual eye fixations for recognition memory processes has hardly been investigated. Recent findings show that second fixations are especially relevant for recollection, a process associated with the retrieval of context information, but less for recognition based solely on item familiarity. The aim of the present study was to overcome limitations of a previous study (Schwedes and Wentura in Memory, 2019. https ://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2019.1567789) and to provide further evidence that second fixations are especially relevant for recollection-based recognition. Whereas recollection- and familiarity-based recognition was an unconstrained quasiexperimental variable in a previous study, here we manipulated the depth of stimulus processing in the encoding phase to experimentally manipulate the probability of subsequent item recollection. In the old/new recognition memory test, presentation of test probes was terminated after one or two stimulus fixations. “Old” responses in the recognition test were followed by a remember/know/guess procedure to assess recollection-based versus familiarity-based recognition. We found the expected depth of processing effect, with better recognition and more recollection-based responses after deep encoding. This effect, however, was significantly larger if two fixations instead of just one were allowed. There were no corresponding effects for familiarity-based recognition. Thus, a second fixation seems to play an important role only for recollection-based recognition.
Introduction Eye movement behavior changes as a function of experience with a stimulus (for a review, see Hannula et al., 2010). For example, in recognition memory tasks, “old” (i.e., studied) stimuli are fixated longer compared to new items. This memory-based effect is already observable in the duration of the first two eye fixations to a stimulus, with longer fixations to known compared to new items (Ryan, Hannula, & Cohen, 2007; Schwedes & Wentura 2012, 2016). Thus, memory seems to influence the duration of very early eye fixations. However, less is known about the reversed path, that is, the relevance of the first two eye fixations for recognition memory performance and the underlying recognition memory processes. Hsiao and Cottrell (2008) were the first * Charlotte Schwedes [email protected]‑saarland.de 1
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Business Sciences, Saarland University, Campus A2 4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
Institute for Psychology in Education, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
2
to investigate this issue by restricting the number of allowed test-stimulus fixations in an old/new recogniti
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