Markers of Endothelial Cells in Normal and Pathological Conditions
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Markers of Endothelial Cells in Normal and Pathological Conditions N. V. Goncharova, b, P. I. Popovac, P. P. Avdonind, I. V. Kudryavtseve, f, M. K. Serebryakovae, E. A. Korfa, and P. V. Avdonind, * a
Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194223 Russia b Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, p.o. Kuz’molovskii, Leningrad oblast, 188663 Russia c City Polyclinic no. 19, St. Petersburg, 142238 Russia d Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia eInstitute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, 197376 Russia f Far-East Federal University, Vladivostok, 690091 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received January 28, 2019; revised March 28, 2019; accepted April 2, 2019
Abstract—Endothelial cells (ECs) line the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, as well as heart chambers, forming the border between the tissues, on the one hand, and blood or lymph, on the other. Such a strategic position of the endothelium determines its most important functional role in the regulation of vascular tone, hemostasis, and inflammatory processes. The damaged endothelium can be both a cause and a consequence of many diseases. The state of the endothelium is indicated by the phenotype of these cells, represented mainly by (trans)membrane markers (surface antigens). This review defines endothelial markers, provides a list of them, and considers the mechanisms of their expression and the role of the endothelium in certain pathological conditions. Keywords: endothelium, markers, expression, cell aging, pathology DOI: 10.1134/S1990747819030140
INTRODUCTION Endothelial cells (ECs) form a kind of container for blood, the area of which in humans reaches 6000 m2 [1]. This is a unique diffuse tissue, the total weight of which is approximately 700 g, and most of it (approximately 600 g) forms the walls of capillaries [2]. Microvessels of the brain make up to 3–4% of its volume, their total length is close to 700 km, and the surface of the exchange between blood and the parenchyma of the brain is about 20 m2 [3]. ECs originate from the mesoderm at the early stages of gastrulation.
Juvenile ECs form the primary vascular plexus and differentiate into arterial, venous, lymphatic, and capillary ECs (embryonic vasculogenesis). De novo formation of blood vessels occurs after birth due to endothelial progenitors (EPCs) of the bone marrow (postnatal vasculogenesis). However, angiogenesis, when new ECs are formed as a result of proliferation of existing ECs with varying degrees of specialization, is a more well-known mechanism for the formation of new blood vessels after birth. Differentiation and functional specialization of the ECs is one of the most important factors of specialization of a particular
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Aβ, amyloid-β1–40; GGT, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; BBB, blood-brain barrier; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; MAO, monoam
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