Maternal Parenting Style in Relation to Parenting Stress and Behavioral Outcomes in Japanese Children with and without A
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Maternal Parenting Style in Relation to Parenting Stress and Behavioral Outcomes in Japanese Children with and without Autism Mio M. Ueda 1 & Yi Ding 1 Katherine Lantier 1
& Fran
Blumberg 1 & Chun Zhang 1 & Qiong Yu 1 &
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This exploratory study sought to compare the parenting variables of parenting stress, perceived social support, and parenting styles among Japanese mothers (n = 42) of children with autism and those (n = 36) without autism, and examine associations between children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors and these variables by using parent questionnaires. Results of independent t-tests revealed increased parenting stress symptoms among mothers of children with autism and lower levels of social support. Parenting styles did not significantly differ between the groups. Regression analyses revealed that parenting stress predicted externalizing behaviors in children with autism. Additionally, an authoritarian parenting style was predictive of externalizing behaviors in children without autism. Parenting stress was also related to authoritarian and permissive parenting in both groups. These findings highlight the need for interventions and mental health services that reduce parenting stress and improve maternal well-being, and therefore, enhance parent-child interactions. Keywords ASD in Japan . Parenting stress . Parenting styles . Problem behaviors in
children
Introduction Children with an autism spectrum diagnosis are not the only ones impacted by the disorder, as parents and caregivers of these children also experience significant impact to their health and wellness. Compared to having a child without autism, parenting a
* Yi Ding [email protected]
1
Division of Psychological & Educational Services, Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, 113 West 60th Street, Lowenstein Building Room 1008, New York, NY 10023, USA
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities
child with autism is likely to produce a qualitatively different experience for parents that is cognitively and emotionally taxing and likely to leave them at risk for psychopathology (Boyd 2002; Kobayashi et al. 2012; Sakaguchi and Beppu 2007). Parents of children with autism frequently report higher levels of stress and more frequent symptoms of depression (Davis and Carter 2008; Maljaars et al. 2014; McStay et al. 2014). These symptoms are found to be strongly correlated with problematic behavior in young individuals who have autism (Lecavalier et al. 2006). Further, relative to mothers of typically developing children and children with other developmental disabilities, mothers of those with autism report higher stress levels and more symptoms of depression (Hastings et al. 2005; Kobayashi et al. 2012; Sakaguchi and Beppu 2007). Lecavalier et al. (2006) explained that parents experiencing stress are likely to show responses to their child’s problem behavior that compounds and reinforces that behavior, thus creating a cycle of negative
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