Mental health consequences of urban air pollution: prospective population-based longitudinal survey
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Mental health consequences of urban air pollution: prospective population‑based longitudinal survey Ioannis Bakolis1,2 · Ryan Hammoud3 · Robert Stewart4,5 · Sean Beevers6 · David Dajnak6 · Shirlee MacCrimmon4 · Matthew Broadbent5 · Megan Pritchard5 · Narushige Shiode7 · Daniela Fecht8 · John Gulliver9 · Matthew Hotopf4,5 · Stephani L. Hatch4,5 · Ian S. Mudway6,10 Received: 4 December 2019 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose The World Health Organisation (WHO) recently ranked air pollution as the major environmental cause of premature death. However, the significant potential health and societal costs of poor mental health in relation to air quality are not represented in the WHO report due to limited evidence. We aimed to test the hypothesis that long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with poor mental health. Methods A prospective longitudinal population-based mental health survey was conducted of 1698 adults living in 1075 households in South East London, from 2008 to 2013. High-resolution quarterly average air pollution concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter
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