Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for Vitamin C Production
Vitamin C, an important organic acid, is widely used in the industries of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, beverage and feed additives. Compared with the Reichstein method, biotechnological production of vitamin C is an attractive approach due to the low
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Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for Vitamin C Production Jingwen Zhou, Guocheng Du, and Jian Chen
Abstract Vitamin C, an important organic acid, is widely used in the industries of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, beverage and feed additives. Compared with the Reichstein method, biotechnological production of vitamin C is an attractive approach due to the low cost and high product quality. In this chapter, biosynthesis of vitamin C, including one-step fermentation processes and two-step fermentation processes are discussed and compared. Furthermore, the prospects of the biotechnological production of vitamin C are also presented. Keywords Vitamin C • 2-keto-L-gulonic acid • Fermentative production • One-step fermentation
Abbreviations AA-2G 2,5-DKG 2,5-DKGR GUL oxidase 2-KLG 2-KLGR ORFs PQQ SDH SLDH SNDH
2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase 2-keto-L-gulonic acid 2-keto-L-gulonic acid reductase open reading frames pyrro-quinoline quinone L-sorbose dehydrogenase D-sorbitol dehydrogenase L-sorbosone dehydrogenase
J. Zhou.G. Du. J. Chen () School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China e-mail: [email protected] X. Wang et al. (eds.), Reprogramming Microbial Metabolic Pathways, Subcellular Biochemistry 64, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5055-5_12, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012
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Table 12.1 Application of vitamin C and its derivatives Fields Usages Pharmaceutical industry
Food industry
Beverage industry Cosmetic industry Feed industry Biochemical reagent
12.1
For treatment of encephalitis convulsions, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, atherosclerosis, viral myocarditis, cancer, secondary erythroderma, nitrite poisoning, bronchialasthma and acute viral hepatitis; Inhibit oxidation and browing; change the flavor of food; food color protection; inhibit corrosion of the tank wall; inhibit lipid oxidation. Antiseptic preservation function as an additive; For treatment of chloasma; free radical scavenging, anti-aging; Improve animal anti-stress ability, enhance immune function, accelerate bone growth, improve the rate of reproduction; Used for the determination of phosphorus.
Introduction
Vitamin C, also named as L-ascorbic acid, is a kind of essential vitamin and antioxidant for human beings and some primates (Zhang et al. 2011). Vitamin C is widely used in pharmaceutical, foods, beverages, cosmetics and feeds industries (Table 12.1). Along with the expansion of vitamin C in different field, the market is still growing. The world market for vitamin C and its direct derivatives (such as calcium salt, potassium salt, sodium salt, and glycosylation derivatives) is beyond 0.5 billion US dollars. The earliest commercial vitamin C production process began from the Reichstein route (Table 12.2), which is developed by Reichstein in 1934, Germany. Reichstein developed a strategy for conversion of glucose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) with fiv
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